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Baskakov (Turk.), A representative of the Mongol Khan conquered lands (in Russia in the 2nd floor. 13 - beg. 14th c.), Controlled by local authorities. Baskerville (Baskerville), John (1706-1775), English printer and publisher. The creator of a new style of fonts that bear his name (many now apply). BASKETBALL (from the English. Basket - basket and ball - a ball), sports team play with the ball, which throw your hands in the ring with a grid (ie. N. Cart), strengthening the shield at a height of 3.05 m. Homeland Basketball - USA (1891). The International Basketball Federation (FIBA; founded in 1932) of 177 countries (1991). In the program of the Olympic Games since 1936; World Championships since 1950, Europe since 1935. Basque (self - euskaldunak), people in Spain (950 thousand. people) and France (140 thousand. people). They also live in Latin America. The total number of 1.25 million. People (1992). Basque language. Believers - Catholics. BASQUE COUNTRY (Basque Country, Euskadi) (Spanish. Vascongadas), an autonomous historical region in northern Spain, in Biscay Hall. 7.3 thousand. Km2. The population of 2.1 million. People (1992), mainly Basques. The main town - Vitoria. Includes provinces: Alava, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa. In 1. BC. e. - Ser. 5. n. e. territory, inhabited by Basques, nominally is subject to Rome. During the rule of the Visigoths, Arabs in the Iberian Peninsula, most of the territory of the Basques remained independent; was the stronghold of the Reconquista. In the 11-15 centuries. Basque state - under the authority of Navarre, Castile; in the context. 15 - early. 16th centuries. became part of the unified Spanish state, while maintaining some autonomy until 1876. After the victory of the Popular Front was created in 1936 Autonomous Region, called the Basque Country. With the fall of the Republic in 1939, the Basque Country was devoid of self-government. In accordance with the 1978 Constitution of the Basque Country was first time, with January 1980 continued autonomy. The Basque language, the Basque language. The official language (alongside Spanish) of the Basque Country. In genealogical classification is regarded as an isolated language. Spread hypothesis about the relationship of the Basque language with the Caucasian languages. Writing on the basis of the Latin alphabet. Baskunchak salt lake deposited lump in the Astrakhan region., To the east of the Volga River, near Mount Big Bogd. 106 km2. Extraction of salt. Basma (Bayes, Paiza) 1) plate issued by the Mongol khans in the 13-15 centuries. as the letter of credence ... 2) Thin sheets of metal (mostly silver) with embossed patterns. Basma stamping was widespread in Russia in 13-17 centuries. Basma, powder of the leaves of indigo. Used with henna to dye hair black. Basmanova, Russian nobles and magistrates 15-17 centuries. of a kind Pleshcheeva: .. 1) Alex Danilovich (? -1570), one of the masterminds of the oprichnina. Distinguished himself in the Kazan campaign, the Livonian War, the fight against the Crimean Tatars. Killed on the orders of Ivan the Terrible's own son ... 2) Peter Fedorovich (? -1606), The grandson of the previous one, the approximate Boris Godunov, the commander of Russian troops. In 1605 moved to the side of False Dmitry I, became his confidant, was killed along with him. Basmachis (from Turk. Basmak - raided), after the October Revolution, an armed movement against the Soviet regime in Wed. Asia. The main forces Basmachis defeated the Red Army in 1922, some troops finally abolished in 1933. Basner Benjamin E. (b. 1925), Russian composer, People's Artist of Russia (1982). Ballet, 4 operettas, vocal-symphonic works; music for films. (St. 40, in Vol. h. "Blockade", 1979), the song "On the Nameless height" (the film "Silence", 1964), "How to start a Homeland" (film "The Shield and the Sword", 1968 ). Fables, short, often comic story in verse or prose, with direct moral conclusions, giving the story allegorical meaning. Actors are usually the animals, plants, things. Many stories date back to Aesop, the Indian collection "Panchatantra". Bright national identity in the fables of Jean La Fontaine, Lessing, IA Krylov. BASS Vasily Alexandrovich (1812-79), a Russian surgeon. For the first time made a fistula in the stomach of the dog (1842). Basov Vladimir Pavlovich (1923-87), the Russian film director and actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1983). Put the film: "The first joy" (1956), "The Battle of the Way" (1961), "Silence" (1964), "Sword and Shield" (1968) and others. He played in his films and films of other directors. Nikolai G. Basov (b. 1922), the Russian physicist and one of the founders of quantum electronics, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1966), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1969, 1982). Created (together with Prokhorov) first maser - maser. Proceedings of semiconductor lasers, high-power pulses of the theory of solid-state lasers, quantum frequency standards, interaction of intense laser radiation with matter. Union Society "Knowledge" in 1978-90. Lenin Prize (1959), the USSR State Prize (1989), Nobel Prize (1964, together with Prokhorov and Charles Townes). Gold Medal. Lomonosov USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Trimmings (from the French. Passement - braid, braid), textiles, intended mainly for decoration: brushes, ribbons, fringes, laces, etc.. Trimmings with a thin thread of non-ferrous alloys called braid. Basra, a city in south-eastern Iraq, a seaport on the river. Shatt al-Arab. 617 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). International Airport. Center for oil extraction and refining. Chemical, textile enterprises. University. Ruins of old Basra (founded in 630-s.). Bass Strait (Bass Strait), between Australia and. Tasmania, connects the Tasman m. With the Indian approx. The length of 490 km, the smallest width of 213 km, depth up to 51 m. Port Melbourne. Bassanio (Bassani) Giorgio (b. 1916), Italian writer, a member of the Resistance Movement. Collection of anti-fascist neo-realist novels "Five Ferrara stories" (1956), an autobiographical novel "The Garden of the Finzi-Continis" (1962); screenplays; collection of short stories, "The smell of hay" (1972), dedicated to Ferrara. Bassano (Bassano) (pres. The name of da Ponte, da Ponte) Jacopo (c. 1517-82), Italian painter. The representative of the late Renaissance. In religious paintings introduced scenes of peasant life, landscape and still life, was influenced by Mannerist ("Adoration of the Shepherds", 1568). Bassar, in Dr. Greece long robe bacchantes considered clothing Lydian god Bassareya identified with Dionysus. Bassar, see. Bassar. POOL, a city in Myanmar, in the delta. Irrawaddy, adm. c. region. Irrawaddy. 144 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Sea and river port. Rice mills, sawmilling industry. Sedimentary basin, a closed region of the continuous or nearly continuous propagation of formation of sedimentary minerals (eg., Oil and gas basins, coal, salt, mineral deposits, etc..) And groundwater (eg., Artesian basin). RIVER BASIN, part of the Earth's surface from which the water flow enters the river system. Swimming pools, includes bath for swimming and water polo (50 x 21 m, depth 1.8-2.3 m), ski jumping and towers (18-20 x 14-21 m, depth 3.5-5.5 m), swimming training (of arbitrary shape and size, depth up to 1 m). Basso Continuo (ital. Basso continuo, letters. - Continuous bass), see. General bass. Basso Ostinato (ital. Basso ostinato, letters. - Resistant bass), the variational form of music based on repeated many times in the bass constant theme at varying upper voices. Used in the Passacaglia, Chacon et al. Used in the music of the 20th century. Basso, the city in Elis (Greece, Peloponnese), where the temple of Apollo, built Iktinos, the architect of the Parthenon. Inside the temple - reliefs with scenes Centauromachy, the first in the history of Greek architecture Corinthian columns. Bastia, in the Egyptian mythology the goddess of love, joy and fun, depicted as a cat or a woman with a cat's head. Worshiped in Bubastis. Basse-Terre (Basse-Terre), city, adm. c. French possessions of Guadeloupe. Guadeloupe in the West Indies. 53 thousand. Inhabitants (1990), a seaport. Sugar industry. Founded in 1643. BASSETERRE (Basseterre), city, capital of the state of Saint Kitts and Nevis, on about. St. Christopher (St. Kitts). 18.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Seaport. International Airport. Sugar factory, the production of beverages. Tourism. Bastia (Bastiat) Frederick (1801-50), a French economist. One of the authors of the theory of harmony of interests between labor and capital. Bastian (Bastian), Adolf (1826-1905), a German anthropologist, doctor. Founded the Berlin Museum of Ethnology (1868). The writings on the spiritual culture of advanced the idea of the unity of the human psyche, which explains the cultural unity of all peoples. Bastille (Bastille), a fortress in Paris, built in 1370-82; 15 in. state prison. Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) was the beginning of the insurgent people of the French Revolution (1880 celebrated as a national holiday in France). In 1790, the Bastille was razed. BASTION (fr. Bastion), 5-strengthening coal as a protrusion in the corners of the fortress wall (see. Fortress) for obstrelivaniya area in front and along the walls and moats. Applied until the middle. 19 in. Bastnaesite, mineral ftorkarbonat cerium, Ce [CO3] (F, OH). Yellow, reddish brown crystals, more granular aggregates. Hardness 4-5; density of 4.9-5.2 kg / m3. It occurs in hydrothermal deposits. The main raw material for cerium. Bastien-Lepage (Bastien-Lepage) Jules (1848-84) was a French painter. Realistic paintings of peasant life ("Country Love", 1882). Basotho (Basuto), a plateau in the Drakensberg Mountains, the territory of Lesotho, in the South. Africa. Height up to 3482 m. Grass-shrub vegetation and dry steppes. Basutoland, in 1884-1966 British possession in Africa. Since 1966 the government of Lesotho. BASUTCHAYSKY Reserve, in the south of Azerbaijan, in the Zangelan District, in the bass. p. Basutchay. Founded in 1974. The area of 107 hectares. Unique sycamore grove east. "BASF" ("Badische Aniline und Soda Factory"), a chemical company in Germany. Founded in 1865. Until 1952 was part of the German chemical concern "IG Farben". With sales of 25 billion. Dollars., Net profit 802 million. USD., The number of employees 135 thous. People (con. 1990.). BAT (Bath), a city in the UK. England, on the River. Avon near Bristol hall. Atlantic ok. 80 thousand. Inhabitants (1981). Balneological resort (thermal radon waters used by the Romans, was founded in 1 in., Settlement Aqua-Sulis). Machinery, light industry, printing industry. Annual music festivals. "BAT Industries" (BAT Industries), the British food company, one of the leading multinationals in the world. Founded in 1902. It produces tobacco products (1st in the capitalist world), food, cosmetics, paper and other products. With sales of 14.1 billion. USD., Net profit 1.8 billion. USD., The number of employees 157 thous. People (con. 1990.). BATA (Bata), city and port in Equatorial Guinea, the administrative center of the territory of Rio Muni - mainland. 24 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Cement and sawmill. BATA, in Egyptian mythology, one of the ancient gods worshiped in the form of a bull. Batavia (Batavia), the name of the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta. Batavian Republic, proclaimed in the Netherlands in 1795 after the occupation of the French republican troops. Named for the tribe of the Batavians. Converted by Napoleon I of France, depending on the Kingdom of Holland (1806-10). Batavia, a Germanic tribe in the delta of the Rhine. From the end. 1. BC. e. under the rule of Rome, against which 69 n. e. an uprising led by Civilis (suppressed in 70). BATAILLE (Bataille), Georges (1897-1965), French writer and philosopher. Denial of any preset norms of human behavior, the assertion of sovereignty will, "scandalous" forms of self-realization of the individual in the cultural and philosophical works (in Vol. H. Essay "inner experience", 1943, "Literature and evil", 1957), novels and stories ("History of the eye", 1928; "Mrs. Edward", 1941; "My mother," published in 1966), filled with blasphemy, shocking pictures of erotic experience that leads to self-destruction and thirst for death. Bataisk town (since 1938) in the Russian Federation, Rostov region. Railway junction. 93.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Enterprises of rail transport. Electromechanical, installation pieces and other plants; food, light industry. Batak, a group of people (Toba, Karo, pakpak, Simalungun Regency, mandayling, Batak Angkola Language) in Indonesia (mainly about. Sumatra). 4.5 million. People (1992). Languages form a group of Indonesian languages. Believers - Sunni Muslims, Toba - Protestants, Caro adhere to traditional beliefs. Bataller (fr. Batailleur), the person in charge of the ships and bases of food, clothing and other supplies. Battle scenes (from the battle), an artist who works in a battle genre. Batalla (fr. Bataille) (Ustari.) Battle. BATALOV Alexey (b. 1928), the Russian actor and director, People's Artist of the USSR (1976), Hero of Socialist Labor (1989). Played mostly his contemporaries - pure, sincere people thin that show the inner strength, self-restraint. Filmed in the movies: "The Cranes Are Flying", "Mother", "Big Family", "Rumyantsev Case," "The Lady with the Dog", "Nine Days of One Year", "Running", "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" and others. Professor VGIK (1979). Put the film: "The Overcoat" (1960), "Three Fat Men", "The Gambler". USSR State Prize (1981). BATALOV Boris (1938-89), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Proceedings of the modeling, optimization and synthesis of electrical circuits and topology of large and very large scale integrated circuits and electronic equipment based on them. USSR State Prize (1975). BATALOV Nikolai Petrovich (1899-1937), Russian actor, Honored Artist of Russia (1933). Since 1916 the Moscow Art Theatre. Appeared in films: "Mother," "Road to Life" and others. Batalpashinsk name Cherkessk until 1939. battle genre (from the battle), the genre of fine arts dedicated to war and military life. BATTALION (fr. Bataillon), basic tactical unit in the ground, airborne troops and marines; There are motorized rifle (infantry, mechanized infantry), tank, marines, communications, automotive and others. Usually part of the Regiment (brigade) or a separate military unit in the compound (association). Consist of 3-4 mouth and other units. Batangas (Batangas), the city and port in the Philippines, on the island. Luzon, adm. c. prov. Batangas. 184 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Textiles, wood. Cyclone (multicyclone), an apparatus for separating solids from transporting their gas. Consists of several dozen parallel cyclone diameter 100-300 mm. BATTERY (fr. Batterie, from battre - beat), fire and tactical division artillery battalion (regiment); can be separate. Consists of 2-3 firing squads, platoons (branch) management. Has 2-8 guns (mortars, armored rocket artillery or anti-tank guided missiles). BATTERY combined (in a certain system) to work together more of the same tools, devices, structures, devices, for example. electric battery of coke ovens, heating radiators. Sweet potatoes (sweet potato), long-term (in culture often annual) herb kind of morning glory family Convolvulaceae. Homeland Center. America. Tubers (up to 10 kg, 24-28% starch and sugar) are used for the preparation of cereals, flour, starch, alcohol, sugar and fodder. Especially widely grown in the People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia; yield 100-120 quintals of 1 ha. Batasheva, large breeders and landowners in Russia 18-19 centuries. From Tula gunsmiths, merchants, from 1783 - nobles. Progenitor - Ivan T. (? - 1734). In the beginning. 19 in. owned cloth manufacture, 14 metal and metal factories in the central regions. BATENEVSKY logs, spur of the Kuznetsk Alatau in Khakassia. Length approx. 100 km. The height of 1249 m. Separates Chulym-Yenisei basin from Sydo-Erbinskoy. Batenin Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (b. 1939), a Russian scientist in the field of Electrophysics, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Proceedings on the properties of weakly ionized plasma, pulsed electrical discharges, creating superconducting inductive energy storage, superconducting magnetic systems. My friend Gabriel Stepanovich (1793-1863), Decembrist, Lieutenant Colonel body engineering Railways. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. Employee MMSperanskii. A member of the Northern Society. Sentenced to 20 years hard labor. In 1827-46 contained in Alexeyev Ravelin. In 1846-56 in exile in Tomsk. Bathurst, the former name of Banjul - Gambia capital. BATHY (Baty) Gaston (1885-1952), a French film director. One of the organizers of the director of the progressive unification "Cartel" (1926); in 1930-47 the head of the theater "Montparnasse-Bati" (Paris). Bathyal (from the Greek. Bathys - deep) (bathyal zone), the area of the seabed, covering the depths of the continental slope (200-3000 m). Occupies an intermediate position between the sub-littoral and abyssal. Batik (Malay.), Technique of painting, as well as multi-colored cloth decorated it. Figure applied a thin layer of wax, cloth dipped in a dye that stains are not part of the wax-coated fabric. Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India and others. In Europe - 20 in. Bathymetric maps (from the Greek. Bathys - deep and metreo - measured) display underwater topography using isobaths together with spot soundings. Bathyplane (from the Greek. Bathys - deep and armor. Planum - plane), single towed unit for observation under water. Immersed and held at the required depth (a few tens of meters) located in an airtight enclosure pilot observer using rudders. Bathyscaphe (from the Greek. Bathys - deep and skaphos - ship), deep-propelled apparatus for oceanographic and t. N. Research. Consists of a steel ball gondola (1-3 person crew, equipment) and the float-case filled lighter than water-filled (usually gasoline). Buoyancy is regulated shedding ballast and gasoline production. Moved by propellers driven by electric motors. The first bathyscaphe built Swiss physicist A. Piccard in 1948. In 1960 a bathyscaphe "Trieste" reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific approx. (approx. 11 m. m). Batista (fr. Batiste), thin, translucent linen or cotton plain weave fabric. From lawn sew lingerie, light dress. Baptiste-And-Saldivar (Batista y Zaldivar) Ruben Fulgencio (1901-73), the dictator of Cuba in 1934-44 and 1952-58; in 1940-44 and 1954-58 officially served as president. Overthrown during the Cuban Revolution. Bathysphere (from the Greek. Bathys - deep and sphaira - ball), deep-sea vehicle in the form of a ball (usually steel) for oceanographic and other studies; lowered on a rope from the ship. The crew (1-2 persons), research equipment, air regeneration system, telephone. Maximum depth reached by a bathysphere, 1360 m (1948). Since the 1950s. bathysphere is usually used instead of hydrostatic. Bathythermograph (from the Greek. Bathys - deep, therme - warm and ... Count), a device for the continuous measurement of the vertical distribution of water temperature in the upper layer of the sea (200 m); allows measurement of a moving ship. Batitsky Pavel Fedorovich (1910-84), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1968), Hero of the Soviet Union (1965). In World War II commander of divisions and corps. In 1965-66 the 1st Deputy Chief of Staff. In 1966-78 Chief of the Air Defense Forces - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. Batleika (betleyka), folk puppet theater in Belarus (16 - beg. 20th c.). Close to a den of Ukrainian, Russian theater Petrushka. BUTLER (Butler), Nicholas Murray (1862-1947), American educator, Professor (1885) philosophy and psychology at Columbia University (in 1901-45 president of the university). One of the organizers of the pacifist movement. President Endowment for International Peace them. Carnegie (1925). The Nobel Peace Prize (1931, together with John. Addams). BUTLER (Butler), Samuel (1612-80), English writer. Mock-heroic "Gudibras" (1663-78, unfinished) - a satire on the hypocrisy of bourgeois Puritan period of the English Revolution of the 17th century. Samuel Butler (1835-1902), English writer. Antibourgeois satirical film series "Erewhon" (an anagram of the word "nowhere", 1872) and "Return to Erewhon" (1901); realistic novel "Life Path" (published in 1903). Prose translation of Homer's poems. Batlle y Ordonez (Batlle y Ordonez) Jose (1856-1929), President of Uruguay in 1903-07 and 1911-15. Since the 1880s. the leader of the Reform Party "Colorado" (from the beginning. 20 in. Batlistskaya party). Implemented a number of social reforms to protect domestic industry, has introduced laws on the 8-hour working day, on pensions. Batman (Batman), a city in eastern Turkey. 147 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Refinery. Batna, a city in north-eastern Algeria, adm. c. Batna wilaya. 182 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). Textile factory, tannery. Founded as a military post in 1844. In the vicinity of Batna - the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Timgad. Baht Ivan Andreevich (1767-1841), the Russian master of musical instruments (violins, violas, cellos, guitars). Land until 1822. Baht Pavel Ivanovich (1897-1985), military commander, General of the Army (1955), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1943, 1945). During the Great Patriotic War in October 1942 to the end of the war, the commander of the 65th Army. In 1962-65 the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the United States - the Warsaw Pact. In the 1970-81 chairman of the Soviet Committee of War Veterans. Whip, stick, used for corporal punishment in Russia to 18 in. BATOZHSKAYA battle 22-23.5 (1-2.6) .1652 (Batog tract, now Vinnitsa region.). The defeat of 20-thousand. Polish troops Ukrainian army, one of the decisive battles of the war of 1648-54. Batol (from the Greek. Bathos - the depth and lithos - stone), a large array (St. 200 km2) of granitoid rocks occur among sedimentary strata folded regions of the earth's crust. Bathometer (from the Greek. Bathos - depth and ... meter), a device for taking water samples from different depths of the pond. Baton Rouge (Baton Rouge), a city in the south of the United States, adm. c. pcs. Louisiana, a seaport on the river. Mississippi. 220 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Refining industry, petrochemicals, non-ferrous metals. Universities. Batory Foundation (Batory) Stephen (1533-86), King of Poland from 1576, commander. Member of the Livonian War of 1558-83. Founded (1579) in Vilna Academy (later - Vilnius University). Farm laborers, farm workers, usually impoverished peasants. BATT (Butt) Isaac (1813-79), leader of the Irish nationalist movement. In 1869, proposed the idea of home rule. One of the leaders of the Irish opposition in the British Parliament.
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