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Barbu (Barbu) Eugen (1924-92), Romanian writer. Social and moral issues in the novel "The Pit" (1957), "Northern Highway" (1959), "The Prince" (1969); novel "Incognito" (vols. 1-3, 1975-78). Barbs .. 1) adopted in aquarium fish breeding fish of the genus name puntius and some other carps. Length up to 10 cm. Dilute approx. 50 beautifully colored species. Under natural conditions, many species inhabit the waters South., South-east. Asia and Africa ... 2) Same as barbel. Barbie (Barbier) Auguste (1805-82), French poet. Collection of satirical poems "Yamba" (1831), bichuyuschih bourgeois world, a collection of sonnets "heroic consonance" (1843). Barbusse (Barbusse) Henry (1873-1935), French writer and social activist, a foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1933). An anti-war novel "Fire" (1916) about revolutionizing the consciousness of the masses during the 1st World War, to which was Barbusse. Collection of short stories "Incidents", "True Stories", 1928 October Revolution took as an event of historic significance: a brochure entitled "Light of the Abyss" (1920). European bourgeois civilization Barbusse, member of the French CP, opposed the construction of socialism in the USSR (the book "Russia", 1930; apologetic book "Stalin", 1935). The organizer of the international anti-militarist cultural association "Clarte" (1919, edition of the journal "Clarte", 1919-24). Barvenkovo, city (1938) in Ukraine, Kharkiv region. Railway station. 14.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Machine-Building Plant, Food Industry. Founded in the 17th century BARVINOK, a genus of perennial herbs of the family kutrovyh. 7 species in Europe and the West. Asia. Ornamental plants. BARGUZIN river in East. Siberia (Buryatia). 480 km, the basin area of 21.1 thousand. Km2. Flows into the lake. Baikal. The average water flow of 130 m3 / s. Used for irrigation. Navigable for 204 km from the mouth. Barguzinsky Basin, intermountain basins, mainly on the middle reaches of river. Barguzin between the Barguzin and Ikat Mts., In Buryatia. The length of 200 km, width up to 35 km height from 470 to 600 m. Barguzinsky Reserve Biosphere, in the Russian Federation, Buryatia, on the northeastern shore of the lake and the western slopes of the Barguzin ridge. Founded in 1916. The area of 374.3 ha. also three-kilometer strip of protected waters of the lake area of 150 thousand. ha. Mountain larch and coniferous (spruce, fir, Pinus sibirica) forests, mountain tundra and loaches. Barguzin sable, red deer, musk deer, brown bear, grouse, etc .; in coastal waters - Baikal seal. Barguzinsky range, in East. Siberia (Buryatia), along the northeast shore of Lake. Baikal. The length of 280 km, height up to 2840 m. Larch taiga. Mineral springs. BARDA potato, grain, molasses, a byproduct of alcohol production. Fresh (92-94% water, 8.6% of dry matter) and silage for fattening bard used mainly cattle, dried - all farm animals. Bard Yul'evich Jacob (1857-1929), a Russian microbiologist. Major works are devoted to the study of pathogens rabies, diphtheria, typhoid, and relapsing fever. Also studied the flora Odessa estuaries. Regardless of E. Behring and B. Roux developed a method of cooking and got diphtheria serum (1893). Bard (pres. Fam. Bardem Muñoz, Bardem Munos) Juan Antonio (p. 1922), Spanish writer and director. The most significant in his work socio-critical films "Death cyclist", 1955; "Revenge", 1957; "The Bridge", 1976 and "Seven Days in January, 1979 (the last two have received the grand prize of the Moscow International Film Festival). BARDIN John Bardeen (Bardeen) John (1908-91), American physicist, a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1982). He created the first transistor (1948, together with W. Brattain). One of the authors of the microscopic theory of superconductivity (1957). Bardin - the only scientist, twice awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1956, together with Brattain and William Shockley, 1972, together with L. Cooper and George. Schrieffer). Gold Medal. Lomonosov USSR Academy of Sciences (1988). BARDIN Ivan Pavlovich (1883-1960), the Russian scientist, academician of the USSR (1932), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Supervised the design of large processing plant, metallurgical equipment, development and implementation of the USSR continuous casting of steel and BOF process. Lenin Prize (1958), the USSR State Prize (1942, 1949). Bardin Olga (b. 1932), the Russian singer (lyric-dramatic soprano) People's Artist of the USSR (1978). Since 1962 in the Saratov Opera and Ballet Theatre, 1984 in Rosconcert. Bardin Illarionovna Sophia (1852-83), a revolutionary narodnitsa. One of the organizers of the circle "Fritsche" group "Muscovites". In 1877, on the "process 50" said a revolutionary speech. Exiled to Siberia in 1880 ran. Being seriously ill committed suicide in Geneva. Bardot (Bardot) Brigitte (b. 1934), a French actress. In the films of the 1950s. ("And God Created Woman ..." Parisienne ", etc.) In the roles of young girls who, above all putting natural feelings come into conflict with the rules of morality. Movies 1960 .:" The Truth, "" Babette goes to War, "" Private Lives "and others. made her a sex symbol of her generation. Since 1973 is not removed. BARDOYTS in Prussian mythology, the god of navigation. BARD rock, one of the directions of the Russian rock music. it developed under the influence of a serious poetry and especially the bard (author's) songs (Vladimir Vysotsky, Alexander Galich, Okudzhava) with KOH. 1970. Stylistically perfect sample bard-rock group demonstrated the first "Aquarium" BB Grebenshchikova. Bardhaman (Burdwan ) is a city in eastern India, pcs. Zap. Bengal. 245 thousand. inhabitants (1991). Food industry, general engineering. Shanti Bardhan (1916-54), an Indian choreographer. In 1943 organized a troupe of "Small ballet." Created by the National Ballet "Spirit of India" (1944), "India is immortal" (1946), "Discovery of India" (1947). In the formulation used forms of Indian classical and folk dance. Bard, ..1) folk singers of the ancient Celtic tribes. Later became a professional poet - stray or living at the princely court (mainly Ireland, Wales and Scotland) ... 2) Poets and musicians, performers of their own, that is. N. copyright songs. Barel, a city in India, pieces. Uttar Pradesh. 583 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food, chemical, textile industry. BAS-RELIEF (fr. Basrelief), low relief, in which the convex image appears above the plane of the background is not more than half of its volume. Barenboim (Barenboim) Daniel (b. 1942), conductor and pianist. Performs in chamber ensembles. In the 60-ies. head of the London Chamber Orchestra, in 1975-89 chief conductor of the Paris Orchestra, from 1989 performs with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. BARENTS (Barents, Barendsz) Willem (c. 1550-97), Dutch navigator. In 1594-97 led 3 expeditions to North. Arctic approx. in search of Northeast Passage from the Atlantic to approx. in the Pacific. Expedition 1596-97 opened the Bear Island and Spitsbergen (again). Buried at the new. Earth. Barentsburg (Barentsburg), city and port on the west. Spitsbergen (Svalbard, Norway). Extraction of coal. Barents Sea, the North Sea marginal. Arctic c., Between the northern coast of Europe and about-you Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and new. Earth. 1424 thousand. Km2. Located on the shelf; depth preferably 360 to 400 m (maximum - 600 m). Close on. Kolguev. Bays: Porsangerfjord, Varanger Fjord, Motovsky, Kola et al. The strong influence of the warm waters of the Atlantic approx. causes nezamerzaemost southwestern part. The salinity of 32-35 ‰. In the Barents Sea flows p. Pechora. Fishing (cod, herring, haddock, flounder). Unfavorable ecological conditions. Is of great importance for transport. Major ports of Murmansk (Russian Federation), Varde (Norway). Iron-hydrogen resistor (Eng. Barretter), vacuum tube in the form of hydrogen-filled glass bulb, inside which is a thin wire. Iron-hydrogen resistor current in certain voltage is practically constant. Used for current stabilization. BARGE (fr. Barge), self-propelled cargo ship, move or pusher tug. Bari (Bari), city and port in the South. Italy, the administrative center of the province. Bari. 355 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Refining and petrochemicals, metallurgy. University. National Archaeological Museum, the Art Gallery. BARI (Barye) Antoine Louis (1795-1875), French sculptor and painter. The representative of romanticism. Full of drama and energy of plastic images of animals ("Lion", 1836). BARI (de Bary, de Bary) Heinrich Anton de (1831-88), German botanist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1880). Proceedings on mycology. Established the role of parasitic fungi in diseases of higher plants. Bari Nina Karlovna (1901-61), Russian mathematician, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor. Works on the theory of functions in t. H. On the theory of series. Baribal (black bear), a mammal of the family bears. The average length of 1.75 m. The coat is usually black. In the forests of North. America. Small numbers. In the United States the number of national parks is restored. Barium (lat. Barium), Ba, a chemical element of group II of the periodic system, atomic number 56, atomic weight 137.33, refers to the alkaline earth metals. Name from the Greek. barys - heavy. Silvery-white soft metal; density 3.78 g / cm3, melting point 727 ° C. Chemically very active, ignites when heated. Minerals barite and witherite. Used in vacuum technology as a getter in alloys (printing, bearing); barium salt - in the manufacture of paints, glass, enamels, in pyrotechnics, medicine. Barinas (Barinas), a state in northwestern Venezuela. 35.2 thousand. Km2. The population of 456 thousand. People (1989). Adm. c. - City of Barinas. Baryon charge (baryon number) (B), one of the intrinsic characteristics of baryons. All baryons B = +1, while antiparticle B = -1 (at the other elementary particles B = 0). The algebraic sum of the baryon charge in the system of particles is preserved for all interactions. Baryons (from the Greek. Barys - heavy), "heavy" elementary particles with half-integer spin and weighing not less than the mass of a proton; participate in all known fundamental interactions. For baryons are the nucleons, hyperons and many of t. N. resonances. Barisal (Barisan), mountains in the southwest of. Sumatra, Indonesia. Length approx. 650 km, height up to 3805 m (Mount Kerinci). Evergreen tropical forests. BARITE (barytes), class mineral sulfate, BaSO4. Impurities Sr (sometimes up to 20%), Ca, Pb. The hardness of 3-3.5; the density of 4.3-4.5 g / cm3. On the origin of hydrothermal and supergene. The main ore Ba; filler in rubber and paper industry; weighting agent for drilling and others. barite (Barito), the river is about. Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ok. 880 km, the basin area of approx. 100 thousand. Km2. Flows into the Java m., Forming a delta. Navigable from the headwaters. In the delta - the seaport of Banjarmasin. BARITOZ, pneumoconiosis, due to the influence of dust, and barium containing compounds. Baritone (from Italian. Baritono), 1) male voice midrange (between bass and tenor) ... 2) String bow instrument group viol ... 3) Wind musical instruments saxhorn family. Pressure systems, the area of reduced or increased pressure in the atmosphere (eg., Cyclones and anticyclones) with a characteristic distribution of atmospheric pressure, and thus the wind. Pressure field, the spatial distribution of atmospheric pressure. Characterized by a system of surfaces of equal pressure - isobaric surfaces and on the earth's surface - a system of lines of equal pressure - isobars. BARIUM HYDROXIDE, Ba (OH) 2, colorless crystals. An aqueous solution of barium hydroxide - barite water. Used as a reagent to sulfate and carbonate ions, components of lubricants for the purification of vegetable and animal oils, removal of sulfate ions from industrial solutions. BARIUM CARBONATE, BaCO3, colorless crystals. In the water, practically insoluble. Forms the mineral witherite. Used in the manufacture of optical glass, enamels, glazes, red brick. Barium sulfate, BaSO4, colorless crystals. In the water, practically insoluble. Forms the mineral barite. Filler paper, a component of lithopone, a contrast agent for x-rays. BARK (Gall. Bark), sea sailing vessel (3-5 poles) with lateen sails on the aft mast (mizzen mast) and direct the others. BARK Peter L. (1869-1937), Russian statesman. In 1907-11 Managing Director of the Volga-Kama Commercial Bank. In 1914-17 the Minister of Finance. Since 1918 in exile. BARCA (ital. Barca), river cargo propelled flat-bottomed wooden boat without a rudder lightweight construction. Barcarolle (ital. Barcarola, from barca - boat), the song Venetian gondoliers; typical soft, swinging movement melodies, lyrical character. Many composers created vocal and instrumental pieces, earnestly features folk Barcarolle. BARKAS (niderl. Barkas), 1) self-propelled vessel of small size for transport to the port ... 2) In the Navy rowboat with oars 14-22. Barkhausen (Barkhausen) Henry George (1881-1956), German physicist and electrical engineer. Discovered the effect named after him. Built (1919) undamped oscillator microwave oscillations. BARKHAUSEN effect a step change in the magnetization of ferromagnets with a continuous change in external conditions, eg., The magnetic field. Due to the domain structure. Open G. Barkhausen (1919). Barquentine (Eng. Barkentine) (schooner Barca), ocean sailing vessel (3-5 poles) with square sails on the foremast (foremast) and oblique on the other. BARKER (Barker), George (b. 1913), English poet, novelist and playwright. Collection of poems "News from around the world" (1950), "A Midsummer Night's Dreams" (1966), "Anno Domini" (1983). Barquisimeto (Barquisimeto), a city in northwestern Venezuela, the administrative center piece. Lara. 724 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Food, textile, cement, leather and footwear industry. University. Founded in 1552. Barkley (Barkla), Charles (1877-1944), English physicist. Realized (1904) X-ray polarization. Opened (1906), characteristic X-rays. Nobel Prize (1917). Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail Bogdanovich (1761-1818), Prince (1815), the Russian Field Marshal (1814). The commander of the divisions and corps in the wars with France and Sweden. In 1810-12 the Minister of War. In the Patriotic War of 1812 Commander of the 1st Army, and in July - August, virtually all acting Russian armies. In 1813-14 chief of the Russian-Prussian Army, 1815 - 1st Army. "Barclays Bank" (Barklays Bank), the UK's largest commercial bank. Founded in 1694. Included in the "Big Four" British banks. 2900 branches and agencies in the country, more than 2,000 branches and subsidiaries in 80 foreign countries (con. 1980.). The total assets of 104.7 billion. Pounds (189.4 billion. Dollars. USA), equity (billion. Dollars. USA) 10.6 2.5 Profit (con. 1980.). Barca Ivan Semenovich (c. 1732-68), Russian poet. Translated satire of Horace, fables Phaedra. Biography AD Cantemir (1762). Obscene poetry Barkov diverged in the lists. Barca Leo Mitrofanovich (b. 1928), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1984). Major works on nuclear physics and particle physics. USSR State Prize (1989). Barkov Anna A. (1901-76), Russian poet. The first collection of "Woman" (1922) received the recognition of his contemporaries. Was repressed; a significant portion of his life in prison (1934-39; 1947-56; 1957-65). In the later poetry (Collection of "The Return", 1990) refers to the suffering and humiliation of women in Soviet camps. Bar Kochba, the leader of the anti-Roman revolt in Judea 132-135. Barcroft (Barcroft), Joseph (1872-1947), English physiologist. Fundamental studies of the respiratory function of the blood. Proceedings on theoretical physiology. BARKULABOVSKAYA CHRONICLE, West Russian, about the events of 1563-1608. Composed in the beginning. 17 in. priest with. Barkulabovo F. Philippovich. Information: local, on Lithuanian and Polish politics, False Dmitry II and others. Barley (Barlach) Ernst (1870-1938), German sculptor, graphic artist and writer. Humanistic, anti-militarist, full of emotional tension works Barlach (Monument to the Fallen in the cathedral in Güstrow 1927, destroyed by the Nazis) to close expressionism artistic decision. The bartender, Russian architect 16., Created in conjunction with Postnik Basil temple. BARTENDER (Barmen), see. Art. Wuppertal. Barmina Vladimir Pavlovich (1909-93), the Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1966), Hero of Socialist Labor (1956). Proceedings on the launch complex of many missiles. Lenin Prize (1957), the USSR State Prize (1943, 1967, 1977). Aventail .. 1) in Other. Russia Chain steel mesh; was attached to the helmet of a warrior to protect the neck ... 2) In Western European medieval armor metal Mantle, which carries the armor and helmet. The bartender, precious oplech'ya, decorated with images of a religious nature, the Byzantine emperors, Russian princes and kings 14 - early. 18th centuries. Worn during the coronation ceremonies and outputs. Barney (Eng. Barn), a unit of the effective cross section of atomic collision processes or nuclear particles, denoted by b. 1 b. = 10-24 cm2 = 10-28 m2. Barnave (Barnave) Antoine (1761-93), a French sociologist, one of the leaders of Feuillants. Argued that social progress depends on the geographical environment: it causes economic changes lead to a redistribution of wealth and power. Executed during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship. Barnave (Barnay) Ludwig (1842-1924), German actor and theatrical figure. He participated in the creation of the Deutsches Theater (Berlin). He became famous in the tragedies of Shakespeare, Schiller. Barnard (Barnard), Christian (b. 1922), the South African surgeon. Was the first to transplant (1967) and replanting (1974) of the heart patient. In collaboration with H. Stander published anti-racist novel "Undesirable elements" (1974). Edward Emerson Barnard (1857-1923), American astronomer. Received numerous pictures of the Milky Way, galaxies and star clusters. Explore the dark nebula. Jupiter's moon Amalthea opened (1892), several comets. Barnaul, city (1771), the Russian Federation, the center of the Altai kr., A marina on the River. Ob. Railway junction. 606 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Mechanical engineering (plants: Engine, boilers, mechanical presses, transport engineering and others.), Chemical, light industry (cotton, melange factories), food industry. 6 universities (in Vol. H. Altai State University). 4 theaters. Museum of Fine and Applied Arts. Founded in 1730. Boris Barnet (1902-65), the Russian film director, Honored Artist of Russia (1935). Skillful combination of poetry, slapstick, satire elements gives a special flavor of the film: "The girl with a box" (1927), "Outskirts" (1933), "Secret Agent" (1947), "whistle-stop" (1963) and others. USSR State Prize (1948). Barnett (Barnett) Samuel Jackson (1873-1956), American physicist. In 1909 he discovered the effect named after him. Studies of electrical and magnetic phenomena, gyromagnetic effects, geomagnetism. BARNET effect rotation of the ferromagnetic sample increases its magnetization along the axis of rotation. Open C. Barnett (1909). Indicates a relationship of atomic magnetic moments with the mechanical aspects. The reverse effect is called the Einstein - de Haas effect. Barnov (Barnaveli) Basil Zakharievich (1856-1934), Georgian writer. Historical novels "Isani Dawn" (1901), "The Great Mouravi" (1925), "The Fall of Armazi" (1926), "Retribution" (published in 1938). Realistic stories and essays about contemporary Georgia. BARNES (Barnes) Julian (b. 1946), English novelist. Novels "Flaubert's Parrot" (1985), "History of the World in 10 and a half chapters" (1989), "Porcupine" (1992). Baroda, see. Vadodara. Pressure chamber (from the Greek. Baros - severity and camera), sealed chamber in which an low (vacuum pressure chamber) or high (compression pressure chamber) air pressure. Used for various experiments in aviation, aerospace, medical; for testing of aircraft and meteorological instruments and other. BAROQUE (ital. barocco, letters. - strange, whimsical), one of the main styles of art in Europe and America con. 16 - Ser. 18th centuries. Baroque, gravitated to the solemn "grand style", at the same time reflected the progressive ideas of the complexity, variety and variability of the world. Baroque inherent contrast, tension, dynamic images, affectation, the desire for greatness and splendor, to a combination of reality and illusion, a fusion of art (city and palace and park ensembles, opera, religious music, oratorio); at the same time - a trend toward autonomy of individual genres (concerto grosso, sonata, suite in instrumental music). For Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, Borromini F. Italy, Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scale, fusion, flow of complex, usually curved shapes for sculptures (Bernini) and painting (PP Rubens, A . van Dijk in Flanders) - spectacular decorative compositions, formal portraits. Baroque principles refracted in the literature (Calderon in Spain, T. Tasso in Italy, A. d'Aubigny in France, Simeon of Polotsk, MV Lomonosov in Russia), theater, music (J. Gabrieli, J.. Frescobaldi, A. Honor in Italy, D. Buxtehude, P. Kaiser in Germany). Various national versions of the Baroque. (eg., Baroque Slavic countries). BAROMETER (from the Greek. Baros - the severity and ... meter), a device for measuring atmospheric pressure. In mercury (liquid) barometer barometric pressure measured by the height of the column of mercury in a sealed tube top, is lowered into the open end of the vessel with mercury. Mercury barometers - the most accurate, and they are equipped with weather stations and it checks the operation of other types of barometers - aneroid and hypsometer. Barometric formula, determines the dependence of the height of the atmospheric pressure. Used, eg., For the calibration of altimeters in barometric leveling, the construction of a standard atmosphere. Barometric leveling method, an approximate determination of the height difference between two points on the atmospheric pressure at these points. BARON (from Wed-century. Lat. Baro, b. P. Baronis), in the West. Europe in the Middle Ages direct vassal king, later a title of nobility (introduced in Russia by Peter I for higher nobility of Baltic German origin). BARON Brambeus see. Senkovsky O. Baron (Baron), Michel (1653-1729), French actor. On the scene since 1665 - in the company of Moliere, in the "Comedie Francaise" (Paris), and others. Roles tragic heroes in the works of Racine, Corneille. Baron Munchausen, see. Munchausen. Baronet (Eng. Baronet), a hereditary title of nobility in England. Baron (Baronius) Caesar (1538-1607), the Catholic church historian, a member of the monastic congregation of the Roman Oratory, Cardinal. The author of "Ecclesiastical Annals" (Vol. 1-12, 1588-1607) - a monumental history of the Christian Church (covers twelve centuries BC. E.), Written in opposition to the Protestant Church 13-volume historical compilation "Magdeburg Centuries". Barons (Barons) Krishjanis (1835-1923), Latvian folklorist, writer, leader of the Young Latvians. Stories, poems, satires. Issued a "Latvian folk songs" (1894-1915).
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