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Banking house (office), banking institutions owned by individuals or a group of bankers bankers. Emerged in Italy (14 c.) On the basis of usury. Initially carried out shopping and banking operations, and then - only the last. Banknotes cm. Bank notes. Bank notes (notes), credit signs of money issued by banks and emission replacing metallic money in circulation. Are perpetual debt. Replaced the treatment of private commercial paper. Fiat gold turned into paper money. Bank capital collection of money capital (own and borrowed funds), operated by the banks. Being invested in banking, bank capital brings banking profits. BANKRUPTCY (from Italian. Banco - bench, bank and rotto - broken), insolvency, lack of funds from the debtor (person or entity) and failure in this regard to pay on its debt obligations. The fact of the bankruptcy court's decision is set, the arbitral tribunal and entails certain legal consequences. In the Russian Federation insolvency (bankruptcy) of enterprises are regulated in accordance with existing legislation. Bancroft (Bancroft), George (1800-91), American diplomat, historian; in 1845-46 Minister of Marine. The main work - "History of the United States" (Vol. 1-10). Banks (Banks), a group of volcanic islands in the southwest Pacific approx. Included in the state of Vanuatu. Area of approx. 800 km2 of tropical vegetation. The cultivation of corn, tropical crops. -Bath, bath in the spirit beliefs of Eastern Slavs, frightening people and requires sacrifice, which he left in the bath after washing. Bath Oleg (b. 1931), the Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992). Works in the field of metallurgy and heat treatment of metallic materials. Banovina, the administrative-territorial unit in Yugoslavia in 1931-41. Banska Bystrica (Banska Bystrica), a city in Slovakia, p. Hron. 73 thousand. Inhabitants (1984). Engineering, nonferrous metallurgy, textile, woodworking, food industry. Center of the Slovak National Uprising of 1944. The Gothic church (13 in.). City Hall and houses in the Renaissance style (16-17 cc.). Monument to the Slovak National Uprising (1960).. Bantu (Bantam), state (sultanate) to the West. Java in the beginning. 16 - early. 19th centuries. (to capture the Dutch colonizers). Banteng, cloven-hoofed animals bovids family; wild bull. Length approx. 2 m, height approx. 1.5 m. Inhabit the forests of South. and south-east. Asia, in a wild state is preserved only in a few places the former range (mainly in Myanmar, on the islands of Java and Borneo). Domesticated (ie. N. Bali cattle). In the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Bunting (Bunting) Sidney Percival (1873-1936), South African politician, one of the founders of the Communist Party of South Africa. Banting (Banting) Frederick Grant (1891-1941), a Canadian physiologist. Investigated the secretion of the pancreas, opened (with J. J. R. McLeod et al.), The hormone insulin. Nobel Prize (1923, together with Macleod). BANTOK (Bantock) Grenville (1868-1946), English composer, conductor and educator. Musical stage, vocal-symphonic, program symphonic works on the eastern, mythological, Greek, Celtic and biblical subjects and others. Bantu group of people in the Centre. and South. Africa (the largest - Rwanda, Makua, Shona, Congo, Malawi, Burundi, Zulu, Xhosa, and others.). Ok. 200 million. People (1992). Bantu languages. Widely distributed (with the 1st millennium. BC. E. To 19 in.), Assimilating indigenous people (pygmies carriers Khoisan languages). LANGUAGES Bantu group Benue-Congo languages (Centre. And South. Africa). The most common of the Bantu languages: Swahili, Kikuyu, Burundi (Kirundi), Lingala, bast, Luganda, Xhosa, Zulu, Kimbundu, Shona, Swazi, Tsonga and others. Bantustans, homelands (bantustans, homelands - national homeland), public education, formed by the South African government in the 1960s. along tribal lines. Declared that the goal of creating Bantustans - granting independence Blacks. Total was formed 10 bantustans with different modes. 4 were declared independent, 6 - self-governing territories. Bantysh-Kamensky Dmitry Nikolaevich (1788-1850), Russian historian, archaeographer. Son NN Bantysh-Kamensky. Works on the history of Ukraine, "Dictionary of memorable people of Russian land" (Vol. 1-8, 1836-47). Bantysh-KAMENSKY Nikolai Nikolaevich (1737-1814), Russian historian, archaeographer, director of the Moscow archives College of Foreign Affairs. Research and publication of documents on the history of foreign policy. The main work - "Review of External Relations of Russia" (Vol. 1-4, 1894-1902). Banff (Banff), a national park in Canada, on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. Founded in 1885. The area of 664,076 hectares. Coniferous forests. Mule deer, elk, mountain goat, grizzly and others. Ban Chao (32-102), Chinese military leader and diplomat. Waged successful war against the Xiongnu. Bangu (danpigu), Chinese small-sided drum. Banyan, the name of several species of trees Ficus genus of the mulberry family. Best known under this name Ficus benghalensis (height up to 30.5 m); may occupy an area of 5000 m2, simulating an entire grove. Crohn supported columnar aerial roots. Developed epiphytic, but subsequently destroys the host tree. Widely distributed throughout India, where since ancient times is grown in the villages for the dense shade. Banja Luka (Banja Luka), a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 195 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Mechanical engineering, woodworking, chemical, leather and footwear, tobacco industry. Near Banja Luka - warm sulfur springs. In 1969, affected by the earthquake. Baobab tree family bombaksovyh characteristic of savannas of Africa. Trunk circumference of 25 meters (sometimes up to 40 meters). Lives up to 5 thousand. Years. The fruits are edible. Of the fibers are made of bark rope and coarse cloth. Bred in the tropics. BAOBABOVYE, the same as bombaksovye. BAO Gong (Lord Bao), the character of Chinese legends, the embodiment of justice, incorruptible judge. Depicted with a black face. Bao Dai (b. 1913), the emperor of Annam in 1926-45. Abdicated in 1945. In 1949-55 the head of state, created by French troops in the occupied territory of Vietnam. Baoding city in China, in the province. Hebei. 483 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Machinery, textile, chemical and food industry. Baotou, a city in China, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, on the river. Yellow River. 984 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). A major transport hub. Metallurgical base in China. Mechanical Engineering; textile, etc. industry. Extraction of coal. Baoji city in China, prov. Shaanxi. 338 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Textile, machinery, paper, chemical industry. Baoji, from antiquity to 1949 in China, the system of administrative and police organization of peasant households in the special unit: bao (stodvorki) and Jia (1000 yards). BAPOV Salikovich Ramadan (b. 1947), the Kazakh ballet dancer, People's Artist of the USSR (1979). Since 1967 in the Theater of Opera and Ballet. Abay (Alma-Ata). Baptists (from. Greek. Baptizo - I dip, baptize with water), a kind of Protestantism. Originated in the beginning. 17 in. The largest number of Baptists - in the United States. In Russian Baptists spread in the 60s. 19 in. Baptists have simplified and iconic church organization. Not recognizing the sacraments, baptism and communion considered as church ceremonies that do not have a mystical sense. Baptism is over adults. See. Also Evangelical Christians-Baptists. Baptistery (Gr. Baptisterion - Hot), baptistery, a room for the baptism in the Christian church. In Western European countries often separate construction, round or polygonal in plan, completed the dome. BAR (Eng. Bar), .. 1) a small restaurant or a part of the restaurant where visitors served at the bar ... 2) A small wine cabinet or compartment for wine in the closet, cupboard, and so on. N. BAR, city (1938 ) in Ukraine, at p. Moat, Vinnitsa region. Railway station. 19.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food, machine-building industry. Known from 1425 to 1537 Moat. BAR, ridge in the coastal strip of seabed sediments formed. Distinguish underwater island, estuarine and coastal bar. BAR (from the Greek. Baros - gravity), off-system unit pressure. 1 bar - 105 Pa 0.986923 atm; 1 mbar = 1 hPa. DRUM 1) detail of machines and structures in the form of a hollow cylinder, a cone or a polyhedron ... 2) rests on the arches cylindrical or polyhedral upper part of the building (usually with windows), serving as the base of the dome. Drums, percussion musical instrument membrane. Species are found in many nations. Tympanic membrane, elastic, thin connective plate between the outer and middle ear in terrestrial vertebrates (some amphibians and snakes absent). Transmits sound vibrations to the inner ear, prevents foreign bodies in the tympanic cavity. A rotary kiln, is the same as the rotary kiln. Barabash Yuri Y. (b. 1931), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology (1969), Professor (1971). Director of the Institute of History of Art (1973-76); Institute of World Literature (1975-77), chief editor of "Soviet Culture" (1983-85). The main area of interest - the history of Russian and Ukrainian literature, literary theory. Books: "Dovzhenko. Some questions of aesthetics and poetics" (1968), "On the nationality" (1970), "Questions of aesthetics and poetics" (1973), "Algebra and harmony. On the methodology of literary analysis" (1977) and others. Barabash Jacob F. (? -1658), ataman Zaporizhzhya Sich. In 1657-58 one of the leaders of the popular uprising in the Left-Bank Ukraine. Barabash Nikolai Pavlovich (1894-1971), Ukrainian astronomer, Academician of the Ukraine (1948), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Exploration of the Moon and planets. Barabinsk city (since 1917) in the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk. Railway junction. 36.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Enterprises of building materials, food, metal industry. Baraba Lowland (Barabinskaya steppe), in the southern part of the West. Siberia. Undulating plain height of 100-150 m. Birch groves interspersed with swamps and meadow-steppe vegetation. One of the most important areas of dairy farming and agriculture Zap. Siberia. Baraboshkin Aleksei Nikolaevich (1925-95), the Russian electrochemist, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1987). Major works in the field of electrocrystallisation metals, alloys and oxides of molten salts. USSR State Prize (1988). Baran Alexander (1908-85), the Russian agronomist, academician of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1966), Hero of Socialist Labor (1980). Proceedings on soil protection farming systems for areas of wind erosion. Lenin Prize (1972). BARAN (Baran) Paul (1910-64), American economist. Proceedings on the economies of developing countries and of modern Western society. From left radical positions criticized US monopoly capital. Baranauskas (Baranauskas) Antanas (1835-1902), a Lithuanian poet and linguist. Bishop. In the poem "Anykščiai Forest" (1859, 1860-61 edition) praised the beauty of nature and spiritual wealth of the people. The first Lithuanian dialectology, creator of the Lithuanian grammatical terminology. Baranetskii Osip (Joseph) Vasilyevich (1843-1905), the Russian plant physiologist, Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1897). Major works on the osmotic phenomena and Guttation plants, photosynthesis problems. Proved symbiotic nature of lichen (1867, together with A. Famintsyna). Baranov (Barany) Robert (1876-1936), an Austrian otolaryngologist. Works on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus, methods of research and its surgical treatment. Nobel Prize (1914). Garbanzo beans, the same as chickpeas. BARANNIKOV Alexander (1858-83), a revolutionary populist. Member of the "Land and Freedom", the executive committee of the "Narodnaya Volya" Party the assassination of Alexander II. In 1882 he was sentenced to an indefinite prison. Peter and Paul died in kpeposti. BARANNIKOV Alexei Petrovich (1890-1952), the Russian philologist, academician of the USSR (1939). Proceedings of the medieval and the new Indian languages, ancient Indian literature, language and way of life, folklore and history of the study of Roma. Alexander Andreyevich Baranov (1746-1819), the first ruler of the main Russian settlements in America (1790-1818). Established trade links with California, Hawaii you, China. Vadim I. Baranov (b. 1930), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology (1974), Professor (1979). The main area of interest - the history of Soviet literature of the 20th century. Books: "Being a man on the ground. On the literature of our days" (1966), "The Revolution and the fate of the artist. Tolstoy and his path to socialist realism" (1967), "Time - thought - image. Articles about Soviet literature" (1973), "come to the point: the 70-ies. in Literature" (1980), "The fire and the ashes of a fire. Gorky. creative aspirations and destiny" (1990) and others. Baranov, Vladimir Ilyich (1892-1972) Russian radiogeohimik, one of the founders of Applied radiogeology. Honored Scientist of Russia (1935). Works on the study of radioactivity of natural waters, soils and rocks. The founder of the method microradiography. USSR State Prize (1950). Baranov Vladimir Y. (b. 1939), the Russian physicist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Major works on plasma physics, solid state physics, biophysics. USSR State Prize (1982). Nikolai Baranov Varfolomeyevich (1909-89), a Russian architect, People's Architect of the USSR (1972), member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1979). In 1938-50 the chief architect of Leningrad, one of the authors of the draft master plan for the city, a number of buildings and ensembles (pl. Lenin with building the Finland Station, 1943-60). Proceedings for Urban Planning. USSR State Prize (1979). Pavel Baranov (1892-1962), a Russian botanist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943). Proceedings of the morphology, embryology, plant ecology, history of botany. Baranov Ionovich Peter (1892-1933), soldier and statesman. During the Civil War, he held various command positions in the Red Army. Since January 1932, Deputy People's Commissar of Heavy Industry and Head of Aviation Industry of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. One of the organizers of secondary technical and higher aviation education in the USSR. He died in a plane crash. Baranov Fedor Ilyich (1886-1965), the Russian scientist, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Founded the engineering school of industrial fishing, created the theory of optimum yield in view of Environmental factors on which to develop modern fisheries management rules adopted by all countries in the development of fisheries. Baranova ISLAND (Sitka), in architect. Alexander (USA, NY. Alaska). 4.2 thousand. Km2. Height up to 1432 m. Coniferous forests. Fisheries and forestry. The main town and port - Sitka. Named for AA Baranov. Baranovych Lazarus (c. 1620-93), Ukrainian church and political activist, writer. Supporter of the Ukraine and Russia, however, defended the independence of the Ukrainian clergy from the Moscow Patriarchate. Since 1657 the Archbishop of Chernigov; founded a printing press. BARANOVICHI city (since 1919) in Belarus, Brest region. Railway junction. 166.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Easy (cotton software; knitwear, clothing, footwear factory), food (meat, canning, etc.). Industry. Mechanical engineering (plants: automobile units, transfer lines, Machine-Tool, etc..). Production of building materials, household cleaning products, toys, art products, etc.. History Museum. Emerged in the 70s. 19 in. Vladimir Baranov-Rossine Davidovich (1888-1942), Russian and French artists. From 1925 he lived in Paris. Searches in the spirit kubofuturizma led him in 1913 to create a painting from a moving sculpture. Becoming one of the founders of Kineticism, developed in the 1920s. the principles of light music by constructing Clavier "opto-phonics." Died in a Nazi concentration camp. BARANOVSKY Vladimir Stepanovich (1846-79), the Russian inventor. Son SI Baranovsky. Created (1872-75) 2.5-inch quick-firing gun with fixed ammunition and others. He was killed during the test cartridge. BARANOVSKY Peter D. (1892-1990), a Russian researcher and restorer of monuments. Developed new methods of restoration, restored monuments destroyed during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 (Friday Church in Chernigov), in the process of reconstruction of Moscow saved from the destruction of the masterpieces of Russian architecture (in Vol. H. Basil temple ensemble Krutitskoye and others. ); on the exact architectural measurements Baranovsky restored in Moscow Church of the Kazan Mother of God and restored other buildings demolished BARANOVSKY Stepan (1817-90), the Russian scientist and inventor. In the 1860s. designed air engine for locomotive ("wind player," Baranowski) and together with his son VS Baranovsky - air motor for the submarine; in 1880. created a model of the aircraft heavier than air ("drifter" Baranovsky). Baranowski has created a mechanism for routing surveying ("putemer" Baranovsky). Baranski Natalia (b. 1908), the Russian writer. In novels and stories - the vicissitudes of women's lives, social and psychological conflicts. Widely known novel "Week as a week" (1969). Compilations: "Negative Giselle" (1977), "Portrait of donated another" (1982), "Day of Remembrance" (1989) and others. Baranski Nicholas (1881-1963), the Russian ekonomikogeograf, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939) Hero of Socialist Labor (1962). Works on the theory and methodology of socio-economic geography and economic cartography. Textbook on economic geography of the USSR for secondary schools (16 editions since 1935). USSR State Prize (1952). Bar (mountain sheep), the genus of the family cloven-hoofed animals bovids. Length 2 m, weighing up to 200 kg. 2 species: argali and bighorn sheep (sometimes emit 8 species), form many subspecies. They live mainly in the highlands. The object of hunting (meat, leather). In some places few. Domesticated in ancient times. Baranov, the city (since 1972) in Belarus, Vitebsk., At p. Adrov, 9 km from the railway Art. Orsha. 14.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). BARAHONA de Soto (Barahona de Soto) Louis (1548-95), Spanish poet. The poem "Tears Angélica" (1586, based on L. Ariosto). Baratali Mikhail Petrovich (1784-1856), Prince of the genus Baratashvili Georgian historian. The main work - "Numismatic facts Georgian kingdom" (vols. 1-2, 1844-45). Nikoloz Baratashvili Melitonovich (1817-45), the Georgian romantic poet. Problems of Georgian history, belief in the future of the people, psychology and deep lyricism in his poem "The fate of Georgia" (1839), poems "Merani", "Tomb of King Irakli" (both 1842). Had a significant impact on the development of Georgian poetry. Barat Leonid (1895-1964), Russian director, People's Artist of Russia (1958). The chief director of the Sverdlovsk, Leningrad Opera and Ballet, the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow Musical Theatre. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. Among the productions of the opera "Boris Godunov" (1948) and "Khovanshchina" (1950), Mussorgsky, "War and Peace" by Prokofiev (1957) and others. GITISa Professor (since 1947). USSR State Prize (1943, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952). Baratynsky (Boratynsky) Yevgeny Abramovich (1800-44), Russian poet. Original design genres elegy and messages ("Finland", "Razuverenie", "Confessions," "two shares"); poem ("Ed", "Ball"), marked lyricism, psychological and philosophical depth. In "Twilight" (1842) - a contradiction of historical progress, spiritual and aesthetic nature of man, refracted through the consciousness of the tragic poet. BARBADOS (Barbados), a state in the West Indies, on the island. Barbados, in the group of M. Antilles. 430 km2. The population of 260 thousand. People (1993), mainly Barbadians. The urban population of 38% (1990). The official language - English. Most believers - Protestants. Administrative divisions: 11 districts. Capital - Bridgetown. Part of the Commonwealth. Head of State - Queen of Great Britain, represented by Governor General. Legislative - bicameral parliament. The surface is flat (height up to 340 m). The climate is tropical. Monthly average temperatures 25-27 ° C. Up to 1400 mm of precipitation per year. Tropical vegetation. Ancient Indians inhabited Barbados. In the beginning. 16 in. opened by the Spaniards. 1625 British colony, in 1961 received the internal self-government. Since 1966 an independent state. The basis of the economy - foreign tourism (0.5 million. Per year) and sugar production. Share in GDP (1992,%): 5.2 Agriculture, Industry 6.9. Production of electricity 527 million. Kw? H (1991). Extraction of natural gas, oil. Manufacturing industries: sugar, flavoring (rum, tobacco, canned), textile. Foreign assembly plants (units for the electrical industry). Fishing. The length of the road 1.6 thousand. Km. There are no railroads. Exports: electrical equipment (components), sugar, rum. Major trading partners - the United States, United Kingdom. Currency - Barbados Dollar. Barbadians (self - bedzhenz), the people, the general population of Barbados (250 thousand. People), mostly descendants of slaves exported from Africa in the 17th - early. 19th centuries. The total number of 350 thousand. People (1992), in Vol. H. 35 thousand in the United States. People, Great Britain 35 thousand. Man, Canada 30 thousand. Man. Speak a dialect of English. Most faithful Anglicans have Methodists, Moravians, Catholics. Barberry, genus of shrubs of the family Berberidaceae. Ok. 500 species, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. Decorative, berry (fruit is used in the food industry as a seasoning), dyeing and drugs (used for uterine bleeding and as a choleretic agent) plants. Honey plants. "BARBAROSSA" (Barbarossa), codenamed plan a war of aggression of Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union. Developed in 1940 provides a lightning defeat of the main forces of the Red Army to the west of the Dnieper and Zap. Dvina, and then output to the line Arkhangelsk - Volga - Astrakhan. The war was supposed to win 2-3 months. Implementation of the plan "Barbarossa was thwarted heroic struggle of the peoples of the USSR. Barbarus J., See. J. Vares Barbashin-Shumsky Vasily (? - C. 1571), the prince, the governor in a campaign to Astrakhan in 1554 and in the Livonian War. In 1560 defeated the cavalry Livonian Order. Oprichnik. Barbu d'Aurevilly (Barbey d'Aurevilly) Jules Amédée (1808-89), French writer, the late romantic. He criticized society from the standpoint of moral and religious (Catholic) maximalism: historical novels "Bewitched" (1855) "Chevalier des Touches" (1864). The collection of short stories "The Devil Faces" (1874), the novel "The history Untitled" (1882) and others. painted in shades pessimistic fatalism (domination and impunity of evil in modern society). Barber (Barber) Samuel (1910-81), American composer. Opera "Vanessa" (1957), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1966), the ballet "Medea" (1946), orchestral, chamber and instrumental compositions. Barbera (Barbera) Joseph (p. 1911), an American film director, animator and artist. in 1937-57 the studio "MGM" (after he was denied a job at the studio Walt Disney). Together with William Hanna created the popular cartoon characters Tom cat and mouse Jerry, and then, in 1957, the studio "Hanna-Barbera Productions," where were removed the popular animated series "Jetsons: The Movie," "Yogi Bear," "Flintstones", etc. . Barberini (Barberino) Francesco da (1264-1348), Italian courtly writer (see. courtly literature). Author encyclopedic treatise "On the rules of conduct and manners senor" and "Regulations of Love" (Italian poems accompanied by commenting Latin prose, published in 1640). Barbes (Barbes) Arman (1809-70), a French revolutionary. Together with LA Blanqui participated in the 30-ies. in the creation of secret republican societies. Barbizon School, a group of French landscape painters (T. Rousseau, J. Dupre, N. Diaz, S. F. Daubigny, Troyon K.) operating in the village. Barbizon (Barbizon) near Paris in the 30-60-ies. 19 in. Appealed to the direct image of nature, light and air, have played an important role in the development of realistic landscape. Barbituric acid, colorless crystals, m.p. 248 ° C (with decomposition). Barbituric acid derivatives - widespread hypnotics (barbiturates). BARBOSA control Bocage (Barboza do Bocage) Manuel Maria (1765-1805), Portuguese poet. Persecuted by the state and the church as a freethinker. Predromanticheskaya lyrics included in the book "Poems" (vols. 1-3, 1791-1804). Sparging (bubbling) (from French. Barbotage - mixing), passing through the liquid vapor or gas under pressure. Used in industry and laboratory practice mainly for mixing liquids, heating them live steam, gas or vapor absorption substances solvents.
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