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ИЗ СЛОВАРЕЙ (106)


Aztec languages (Nahuatl), refers to the Tano-Aztec family of Native American languages. In the 14-16 centuries. pictographic writing, from the 16th century. - Based on the Latin alphabet. ACHARIAN Hrachya H. (1876-1953), an Armenian scholar, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia (1943). Studies on the Armenian language (dialects, lexicology, lexicography, history of the language), comparative grammar and general linguistics. Achebe (Achebe) Chinua (b. 1930), the Nigerian writer. In the work of marked features of realism - the most urgent problems of political and cultural life of modern Africa. Novels "And it's destruction" (1958), "Peace is no more" (1960), "The Arrow of God" (1964), "Man of the People" (1966). Storybook "Girls at War" (1973). Poems. Journalism. Akyem (self - Achim, mayor), the people of Ghana. The number of 650 thousand. People (1992). Twi language (Twi). Adhere to traditional beliefs, part - Protestants, Catholics. ACEH (ache, Achin), the people of Indonesia, in the north of. Sumatra. Ok. 3 million. People (1992). They also live in Malaysia. Language Achinese. Believers - Sunni Muslims. Achinsk, city (with 1782) in the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk kr., A marina on the River. Chulym. Railway junction. 122 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Refinery, alumina refinery; food, light industry. Museum. Theater. Founded in 1682. Achishkho ridge on Zap. Caucasus. Height up to 2391 m. Broad and fir forests. Acholi (Akol, the Ganges), the people in Uganda (780 thousand. Man, 1992). They also live in Sudan (20 thousand. People). Acholi language. Adhere to traditional beliefs, part - Sunni Muslims. ASH, in Egyptian mythology one of the ancient gods, the god of the Libyan Desert. Depicted as a man with a falcon's head. Sholem Ash (1880-1957), a Jewish writer. Born in Poland in 1909 lived in the United States. Wrote in Yiddish. Socio pointed novel "Hank Thief" (1917); In the novel "The Psalmist" (1937), "The Man of Nazareth" (1943) - biblical. ASHA, Al-Asha (pres. Abu Basir name Qays ibn Maimon al-Bakri) (530 - c. 629), Arab poet. Founder of "wine" hedonic poetry ("hamriyyat") Dr. Arabia. ASHA, city (1933) in the Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk Region., At p. Asha. Railway station. 39.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Steel, Lighting, phosphorite factories; wood-chemical plants. Founded in 1898 ASHANTI (self - Asante, asantefo), people in Ghana. 4 million. People (1992). Retain traditional beliefs. There are Christians and Sunni Muslims. ASHANTI Confederation, rannepoliticheskoe Ashanti education in the territory of present-day Ghana. Founded in the late. 17 - early. 18th centuries. Invaded Britain in 1901 and incorporated into the Gold Coast colony. Ashar, the same as CSR. Ashar (al-Ashari) (873 / 874-935 or 941), the Arab theologian, one of the founders of Kalam. Ashvaghosha, Indian poet (about 2 in.). Wrote in Sanskrit. Poem of the Buddha and his teachings - "Buddhacharita", "Saundarananda." Asvamedha in Vedic religion horse sacrifice, in which the king and his army followed the fleeing on his own horse and conquer all the land encountered along the way. Ashvattha, Old mythical tree; space character. Acheulian culture, archeology - early Paleolithic culture; named after the suburb of Amiens (Saint Ashely, Saint-Acheul) in France. Basic tools - stone hand-axes. Economy: hunting and gathering. Michael Aschenbrenner Yul'evich (1842-1926), a member of the military organization of the People's Will, Colonel. The organizer of a number of officers revolutionary circles. By "process 14" (1884) sentenced to penal servitude for life. Until 1904 in Shlisselburg Fortress. The book "The military organization of the People's Will and the other memories" (1924). "Hachette" (Hachette), "Librairie Hachette" (La Librairie Hachette), a French company for the publication and distribution of books and periodicals, Paris. Founded in 1919 (based on the company "Hachette", founded in 1826). "Ashig Gharib," Azerbaijani epos, popular among the peoples of the Caucasus and the Middle East. Numerous variants. Possibly formed on the basis of poems of the poet goshma 16. Gharib. Based on the story written tale epos Lermontov, Opera U.Hajibeyov and Gliere. Ashiq Pasha (Asik Pasa) (1271-1332), Turkish poet and Sufi (see. Sufism). Mystical and didactic poem "The Book of the stranger-wanderer" (1330). Ashima Asanali (b. 1937), the Kazakh actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1980). Since 1964 the Kazakh Theater. Auezova (1987 Artistic Director). Filmed in the movies. USSR State Prize (1974). Ashira Enchantment (b. 1910), the Turkmen writer, People's Writer of Turkmenistan (1970). Lyric poems; novel in verse "The end of the bloody watershed" (1948) - about the social processes in the Turkmen village. The novel "Pathfinder" (1970), dedicated to the Soviet border guards, and others. ASHKENAZY Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1937), pianist, conductor. Prior to 1963 he lived in the Soviet Union. Since 1987, led by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London. 1st prize at the International Competition. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1956) and the. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962). Ashkenazi, sub-ethnic group of Jews, descendants of immigrants from the medieval Germany. Constitute the majority of the Jews of Europe and America, about half of the Jews of Israel. Language - Yiddish. ASHKERTS Anton (1856-1912), Slovenian poet. The book "Ballads and Songs" (1890), "The lyrical and epic poems" (1896) spoke out against social and spiritual oppression; introduced into poetry the image of the worker. Published an anthology of Russian poetry. ASHMARIN Nikolai Ivanovich (1870-1933), Chuvash linguist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Studies on the Chuvash language and folklore. The main work of the "Dictionary of Chuvash" (c. 1-17, 1928-58). Ashna see. Lahar and Ashna. Ashoka, the ruler of Magadha Mauryan dynasty in 268-232 BC. e. State Ashoka covered almost the entire territory of India and parts of present-day Afghanistan. Patronized Buddhism. Decrees of Ashoka ("Edicts of Ashoka) - an important historical source Mauryan era. Ashot I Bagratuni Armenian king (886-891), founder of the dynasty Bagratids; in the fight against the Arab Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire gained independence and unification of Armenia. Ashot II the IRON, Armenian king (914-928) in 921 defeated the Arab army in Lake. Sevan, defended the independence of Armenia. ASHOT III Gracious, the Armenian king (953-977), pursued a policy of centralization, created a standing army. Armenia moved the capital from Kars to Ani (961). Aschoff (Aschoff) Ludwig (1866-1942), a German pathologist. Works on morphology and pathogenesis of various diseases. He developed his own doctrine of the cardiac conduction system, described specific rheumatic granuloma. ashram during the life of the ancient Indian aria ("twice-born"). Division of life four ashrams (student householder, forest hermit wandering ascetic) was sanctified by religion. ASHRAFI Mukhtar Ashrafovich (1912-75), the Uzbek composer and conductor, People's Artist of the USSR (1951). Since 1930, the artistic director and chief conductor of the Uzbek Theater of Opera and Ballet . Opera "Dilorom" (1958), the ballet "Amulet of Love" (1969). Professor of the Tashkent Conservatory (1953). USSR State Prize (1943, 1952). Ashtarak city (since 1963) in Armenia, p. Kasakh. 23.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Winery, Knitting Factory, and others. House Museum P. Proshyan. Ashtarkhanids see. Dzhanidy. Ashton (Ashton) Frederick (1906-88), English ballet dancer and choreographer. In 1963-70 artistic director and choreographer of the Royal Ballet (until 1957 "Sadler's Wells Ballet"). One of the founders of the modern school of English ballet. Ashyg, Ashik (Turk., Letters. - Love), folk singer-poet in the Caucasus and neighboring peoples. In addition to songs of his own, the repertoire of ashig include epics and folk songs. Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) (until 1919 Ashkhabad, until 1927 Poltoratsk), capital (since 1924) of Turkmenistan. Railway station. 412.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Mechanical engineering and metal working, chemical and pharmaceutical, glass, light industry (cotton, silk, shoes, carpet weaving, etc..), Flavoring industry. Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan, 8 high schools (in Vol. H. Turkmen University), 4 theaters (in Vol. H. Turkmen Opera and Ballet Theatre). Museums: Fine Arts, History, Local History and others. Historical - cultural reserve "Nisa". Founded in 1881. After the devastating 1948 earthquake rebuilt. Ensemble Square. Turan with buildings management Karakumstroya (1967), Library. Azadi (1969-1974, USSR State Prize, 1976). ASHUR (Assyrian), the city of the 4th thousand. - 614 BC. e., with Ser. 2nd millennium. Capital of Assyria (now ruins Qala`t Shargat in Iraq). Fortifications, temples and ziggurats, residential and shopping areas, a library of cuneiform texts. ASHUR, the presiding deity of the Assyrian pantheon, the patron god of Ashur. With the growing political influence of the city god Ashur was as a military deity, god-judge, the god of wisdom. Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria in 669-c. 633 BC. e. He fought with Egypt, Elam, Babylonia. Went down in history as a collector of ancient written records; Library of Ashurbanipal found in 1849-54 on the site of Nineveh (hill Kuyunjik). ASHSHURNASIRPAL II, king of Assyria in 883-859 BC. e. Conquered the North. Mesopotamia, Sev. Syria and Phoenicia. Itylus (Gr. Nightingale), in Greek mythology, daughter Pandareya wife Zeta brother Amphion. Jealous of Niobe, proud beautiful children, decided to kill one of her sons, but at night mistakenly stabbed his son Itila. Zeus turned into a nightingale Itylus that it continuously mourned killed with his own hands the child. AEDY (from the Greek. Aoidos - singer), in the initial period of ancient Greek literature (8-7 cc. BC. E., Vol. N. Homeric era) singers compose and perform epic songs to the accompaniment of stringed instruments. Aerary, open space or venue for aerotherapy. Aeration (from the Greek. Aer - air) 1) artificial air saturation for different media contained therein, the oxidation of organic substances. Applied, eg., For the treatment of drinking water and wastewater. 2) Adjustable natural ventilation in industrial buildings. Carried out through openings (windows) in the walls of buildings and ventilation lights due to density difference indoor and outdoor air. Used mainly in t. N. hot shops (forging, casting and so on. d.). AERO ... (from the Greek. Aer - air), part of the complex word for "air". Aerobics, see. Art. Rhythmic gymnastics. Aerobes (aerobic organisms), energy for life is produced by oxidation processes involving atmospheric oxygen; Aerobic - almost all plants and animals, many microorganisms. Obligate, or strict aerobes develop only in the presence of oxygen (eg., Acetic acid bacteria); optional or conditional, aerobic - and with negligible concentrations (eg., yeast). Avg. Anaerobes. The terminal, see. Art. Station. Airborne geophysical exploration, a set of methods for the study of natural (or artificial excited) magnetic, electrical and other physical fields of the Earth equipment installed on the aircraft. Depending on the test field distinguish aerogammasemku, aeromagnetic survey, aero-electromagnetic prospecting. It is used to search for mineral deposits, geological mapping and tectonic zoning. Central hydrodynamic Institute them. NE Zhukovsky (TsAGI), a research institution, which conducts fundamental and applied research in the field of aerodynamics of flight and strength aircraft. Founded in Moscow in 1918. The Institute has in Zhukovsky, Moscow region. extensive experimental basis, in Vol. h. unique wind tunnels. On the basis of departments and laboratories of the Institute created a number of research institutions in various branches of aviation science and technology. Airbrush (from aero ... and ... Count), a device for spraying liquid paint with compressed air at drawing it on paper, cloth, and so on. N. In the process of making posters, theatrical scenery, retouching photographic images, illustrations, and so on. D . Aerodynamics, Section aerodynamics, which studies the laws of motion of the gas (eg., Air) and the forces generated on the surface of the gas body. Was formed in the 20th century. in connection with the development of aircraft. Basic aerodynamics problem: determination of the forces acting on the rigid body of a gas pressure distribution on the surface and the velocity of the gas, its streamlined. Aerodynamic force, the force with which the gaseous medium (eg., Air) acts on the surface of the moving solid therein (eg., An aircraft wing). Full aerodynamic force (called the total drag) can be expanded to the aerodynamic drag and lift a side force perpendicular to the first two. Wind tunnel installation in which the airflow to the experimental study of the phenomena that occur when the air flow of solids, mainly aircraft and their parts. In the wind tunnel model is studied, and sometimes full-size objects, defining forces that arise, eg., When flying aircraft, missiles; seek out their optimal shapes and t. d. AERODYNAMIC heating temperature rise T of the body moving with high velocity air or another gas. Aerodynamic heating - the result of inhibition of gas molecules near the surface of the body. For example, when entering the spacecraft into Earth's atmosphere at a speed of 8.1 km / s T reaches 8000 ° C, so need special surface protection devices spacecraft, missiles, supersonic aircraft, etc. From destruction. Aerodynamic resistance (drag), the force with which the gas (eg., Air) on a moving body in it. Aerodynamic drag is always directed in the direction opposite to the velocity, and is a component of the total aerodynamic force. AIRFIELD (from aero ... and Greek. Dromos - run the place for jogging), land, air space, facilities and equipment, providing take-off, landing, placement and maintenance of aircraft, helicopters and gliders. See. Also Airport. Aerosols (from aero ... and sols), disperse systems consisting of liquid or solid particles that are suspended in a gaseous medium (usually air). For aerosols include, eg., Smoke, fog, dust, smog. In a spray of liquid and powder burn fuel, applied coatings, using pesticides, medicines, perfumes, etc. Aerosol generator machine for the formation of thermomechanical aerosols and spray pesticides to kill pests in crops, forest and fruit trees, and for disinfection and storage of agricultural livestock buildings. Aerosol therapy, inhalation of aerosols mainly drugs for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. Aeroionotherapy, ionized air treatment of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, weak healing wounds, ulcers and others. Perhaps the general and local (air stream is directed to the wound, ulcer). Aeroclimatology Section climatology studies the climatic conditions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere (up to an altitude of 25 km). AEROLIT, formerly known as stony meteorite. Aerologist (from aero ... and ... logy), section meteorology, studying physical processes and phenomena in the free atmosphere (above the surface layer) and methods of their study. Aeromagnitometry instrument for measuring the Earth's magnetic field from an aircraft (in Vol. H. With AES). Distinguish ferroprobe, proton and quantum aeromagnitometry. See. The magnetometer. Aerodynamics, mechanics section, the student movement and balance gases and mechanical effects of the media on them immersed in solids. Divided into aerodynamics and aerostatics. Aeronautics, the same as ballooning. Aeronomy (from aero ... and Greek. Nomos - law), studying the upper atmosphere, where significant dissociation of atmospheric gases and their ionization. Research methods - rocket and satellite sensing of the atmosphere, observations of radio wave propagation, spectral analysis. AEROOTIT (from aero ... and otitis media), a disease of the middle ear, which can develop at differences in barometric pressure (in flight cabin): a feeling of fullness, pain, sometimes noise in the ear. Aerope, in Greek mythology, daughter Katreya, granddaughter of King Minos of Crete. Married the king of Argos Playstation, then his brother Atreus. Bore Agamemnon and Menelaus last. AEROPLAN (from aero ... and armor. Planum - plane), formerly known aircraft. Aeroponics (from aero ... and Greek. Ponos - work) (air culture), growing plants without soil in moist air. Roots periodically sprayed with nutrient solution. Used in greenhouses, greenhouses, spaceships and so on. AIRPORT (air port), transport company, consisting of the terminal, the airport and others. And provides regular transportation of passengers, cargo and mail by means of aviation. Major airports have several air terminals (Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport, Orly Paris et al.). Snowmobiling, move on snow and ice traction propeller. "Snowmobiling amphibious" have speed communication. 100 km / h on snow, 80 km / h on the water, cruising range of 500 km, capacity up to 600 kg. Used mainly in the Far North. AEROSINUSIT, inflammation of the mucosa of the sinuses with drops in barometric pressure sensation of pressure, gravity, and a sharp pain in the sinus headache. "Aerosmith" (Aerosmith), an American rock band, formed in 1970. Ingredients: Steven Tyler (vocals), Joe Perry (guitar), Brad Whitford (guitar), Tom Hamilton (bass), Joey Kramer (drums). Drive "Toys In The Attic" (1975) became a "platinum". In 1980, the band broke up. In 1985 the ensemble began to speak again in the original line-up. The album "Pump" (1989) was in the top ten national hit parade. Today "Aerosmith" is among the leading American rock bands. "Aerospatiale" (Aerospatiale SNI), a leading aerospace company in France. Founded in 1970 by the merger of companies "Nord Aviación", "Sud Aviación" and SEREB. Together with the "British erkraft Corporation" has developed and produced supersonic aircraft "Concorde"; occupies a leading position in Europe for the production of helicopters. Aerostat (from aero ... and ... stat), the aircraft is lighter than air. Has a shell filled with a light gas (hydrogen, helium). Distinguish tethered free-driven (blimps) and balloons to fly in the stratosphere (stratospheric). Aerostatics, section aerodynamics, which studies the conditions of equilibrium of gases, especially air and gases on the action still immersed in these solids. AERIAL, shooting terrain from aircraft using imaging systems (data receivers) operating in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Distinguish photographic, television, thermal, radar and multispectral aerial surveys. Aeration tank (aerotank) (from aero ... and English. Tank - tank), concrete or reinforced concrete tank for wastewater treatment of organic waste by oxidation of microorganisms in the activated sludge layer at the bottom of the aeration tank. Dimensions: height 5.4 m, width 10 m, length 150 m. Aerotherapy (from aero ... and therapy), dosed long stay outdoors or metered air baths. Used for the purpose of hardening and treatment. Aero, facility for biological wastewater treatment. Differs from the greater height of the biological filter of the filter layer (4 m) and the presence of the air supply unit that provides a high oxidizing power aero. Aeroflot 1) common collective name of Civil Aviation, under the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the USSR. 2) In the USSR - a single aviation enterprise ("Aeroflot). In early. 1990s. Transformed into an independent company separate regions of the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. Aerial photogrammetry, photogrammetry section, to explore ways of measurements of various objects from aerial photographs. Aerial photography, photography (in all ranges of the optical spectrum) area from an aircraft. There are planned and prospective aerial photography. aerial photographs used in geodetic, geological studies, engineering surveys and others. AEROFOTOTOPOGRAFIYA, section topography, studying methods for creating topographic maps from aerial photographs. NPP see. nuclear power plant. Echion (2nd floor. 4 in. BC. e.), the ancient Greek painter and sculptor from Ionia. paint a picture: "Tragedy," "Comedy," "The Wedding of Alexander the Great and Roxana" and others. Aetius (Aetius) (c. 390-454), the Roman general. in 451 at the Battle of Catalaunian fields Roman troops and their allies - the barbarians led by Aetius defeated the Huns led by Attila. Ajudag (Bear Mountain) massif, a cape on the South. Crimean coast, north-east of Gurzuf. The height of 572 m. In the south-western foot - Artek. AYUI P. J., see. Hauy R. J. Ayukaev (1642-1724), the Kalmyk Khan (from 1672). Took the oath of allegiance to Russia. His troops were used in the suppression of the Astrakhan and Bulavin Rebellion, as well as in the Northern War. Ayurveda, one of the sacred books of India, the Vedas, contains sacrificial formulas and interpretations. Ayutthaya adopted in the literature as the state of Siam (and its capital, see. Ayutthaya) in 1350-1767, occupies the southern and central areas of modern Thailand. Ayutthaya (Ayutthaya, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya,) is a city in Thailand, in the lower reaches of the river. Chao Phraya. Ok. 100 thousand. Residents. Shopping Center rice-growing area. Food industry. Arts and crafts (silverware). The former capital of the country. Founded in the 14th century. In the 14-18 centuries. capital of Ayutthaya. Temple complexes (wool): On Pramans (7-9 cc.) Buddasavan (14 in.), Radzhapuran (15 in.), Pra Srisanpet (con. 15 - beg. 16 cc.). AYUSHI (1858-1939), head of arat liberation movement in the southwestern part of Khovd env. Outer Mongolia in 1903-17. Member of the Mongolian People's Revolution 1921. Ayaguz, city (1939) in Kazakhstan, Semipalatinsk region., At p. Ayaguz. Railway station. 41.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Meat creamery, wool-spinning factory and others. It appeared in 1931 in connection with the construction of the railway. Ayaguz river in Kazakhstan. 492 km, the basin area of 15.7 thousand. Km2. At high water flows into the lake. Balkhash. Used for irrigation. Ajax, in the "Iliad" two Greek hero, two inseparable friends who fought at Troy. Perrin .: "Two Ajax" - inseparable friends. Ayatollah see. Mujtahid. Ayatskiy iron ore basin in Kazakhstan, Kustanai region. Area of 2500 km2. Oolitic and limonite. Power 2-9 m ore horizon. Explored reserves 1.7 billion. M with Fe content of 37%. Trudnoobogatimye ore, phosphorous. Not developed. Hayatsk Dmitri (b. 1950), Russian statesman, governor of Saratov region. (1996). In 1986-92 the first deputy general director of "Saratov". In 1992-95 the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Since 1995 member of the Federation Council. Ajaccio (Ajaccio), city and port on the island. Corsica, the territory of France, adm. c. Department of South Corsica. 55 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Climatic resort. The birthplace of Napoleon I. Tourism.
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