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ИЗ СЛОВАРЕЙ (104)


Akhverdiyev Asadbek Abdurrahim oglu (1870-1933), the Azerbaijani writer. Drama "Ruined Nest" (1896), "The unfortunate young man" (1900), a satirical short stories, plays, satires (cycle "Letters from Hell" and others.); works on the history of Azerbaijani theater. Akhvlediani Giorgi Saridanovich (1887-1973), a Georgian linguist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Georgia (1941); Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Proceedings on indoiranistike (in Vol. H. Osetinovedeniyu, Caucasian studies), general linguistics, theory and practice of speech therapy. Akhvlediani Elena Dmitrievna (1901-75), the Georgian painter, graphic artist, theater artist, People's Artist of Georgia (1960). Panoramic views of Georgian cities, illustrations for the works of Ilia, Vazha Pshavela, stagecraft in the Theater. Mardzhanishvili in Tbilisi. Akhedzhakova Leah Medzhidovna (b. 1938), the Russian actress, Honored Artist of Russia (1970). Since 1960, the Moscow Youth Theatre, 1977 in the theater "Contemporary". The game Akhedzhakova, immediate, full crafty humor, grotesque and sharp specificity often coexist with notes wrenching drama. Light and other roles ("Apartment Columbine" LS Petrushevskaya, 1986), Margaret Bridge ("The Wall" AM Galina, 1987), Rachel-Leah Gold ("Difficult People" J. Bar-Yosef, 1992) and others. Filmed in the movies directed by EA Ryazanov ("Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath", "Office Romance", "Garage", "Promised Heaven") and others. People's Artist of Russia (1995). Achaeus, in Greek mythology, a grandson Ellina, IFMS son, brother Jonah; the founder of the tribe of the Achaeans. Achaean League, antimakedonskoy Federation of Greek cities in the Peloponnese approx. 280-146 BC. e. Dissolved after the conquest of Greece by Rome. Achaeans, one of the main Greek tribes living in Thessaly from the beginning. 2nd millennium. BC. e. and the Peloponnese. State of the Achaeans: Mycenae, Pylos and others. Participated in the Trojan War. In the 12th century. BC. e. Dorians ousted in M. Asia, Cyprus and other islands to the north of the Peloponnese (region called Achaia). AHELOY, in Greek mythology, god of the same river, the son of Oceanus and Tethys. Considered the father of the Sirens. Could take any shape; during a fight with Hercules hand Deianira turned into a bull. Hercules broke his horn, then turned into a cornucopia of mollusks. Images of this struggle are often found in Greek vase painting black-figure style; Achelois mask as an old man with an open mouth, from which water flows - often decorated with antique fountains. Achaemenid dynasty of ancient Persian kings in 558-330 BC. e. Founder - Cyrus II. Achaemenid state, which included most of the Middle and Wed. East reached its greatest prosperity under Darius I. The State Achaemenid ceased to exist as a result of its conquest by Alexander the Great. The most important representatives of the Achaemenid: Cyrus II, Darius I, Xerxes I, Artaxerxes III. Aachen (Aachen), a city in Germany, the land of North. Rhine-Westphalia. 244 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Centre coal basin. Machinery, textile, chemical, glass, food industry. Balneological resort. Technical University. Known since 1. as a Roman settlement Aqua-face at the springs. In the context. 8 - beg. 9 centuries. the main residence of Charlemagne. 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), graduated from the War of Devolution 1667-68. 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), graduated from the War of the Austrian Succession. Achernar,? Eridani, a star of zero magnitude. Acheron (Acheron), in Greek mythology, a river in the underworld, which fall Piriflegeton and Cocytus. AHI BUDHNYA in Vedic mythology snakes, the personification of deep waters; lies at the bottom of the world's waters. Ahidjo (Ahidjo) Ahmad (1924-89), President of Cameroon in 1960-82. Founder and leader of the Union of Cameroon in 1958-66, in 1966-83 chairman of the Cameroon National Union. In 1958-60, Prime Minister of the Autonomous Cameroon. In 1982, Ahidjo resigned. Since 1984 in exile. Achille (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Chylos - juice), temporary or permanent absence of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in gastric juice in gastritis, malnutrition, and so on. D. Achilles (Achilles), in the "Iliad" one of the bravest of the Greek heroes besieging Troy. Mother of Achilles - the goddess Thetis, wanting to make her son immortal, immerse it in the holy waters of the Styx; only the heel, for which Thetis held him, touched the water and remain vulnerable. Achilles was killed by an arrow of Paris, struck him in the heel. Hence the expression "Achilles heel" (vulnerability). Achilles Nikopol (Armenian) (d. C. 319), one of the forty-five Christian martyrs who died in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of Emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 10 (23) of July. Achilles reflexes, plantar flexion of the foot as a result of the reduction of triceps tibia in response to the attack on the heel (Achilles) tendon. Achim (Achim) Andras (1871-1911), leader of the peasant movement in 1906-11 Hungary. Demanded the nationalization of the land to the peasants and the transfer of large landowners and the church. Killed by landowners. Ahimsa (Skt. Harmlessness), a religious principle of Buddhism and Jainism, non-intentional and accidental murder of sentient beings. AHIYAVA, a powerful ancient state, mentioned in Hittite texts from the 14th to the 2nd floor. 13th centuries. BC. e. Location not found. AHMAD YUGNAKI, Uzbek poet 12. Didactic poem "Gift truths" (published in 1915-16). Ahmedabad, a city in western India, pieces. Gujarat. 2.9 million. Inhabitants (1991). Center of the cotton industry; metalworking, chemical industry; Crafts. University. Founded in 1411. Arch of Triumph Tin Darwaza (15 in.), Mosque Rani Cyprien mausoleum (finished in 1514). Ahmad (Al Ahmadi), a city in Kuwait. 105 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Refineries, desalination plants. Oil export port Ahmadi - Minael Ahmadi. Ahmad (Ahmad Qadiani), a Muslim sect, founded in 1889 in Punjab Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani, whose adherents venerated as a prophet and the Mahdi. Has St. 1 million. Followers, mainly in Pakistan. Ahmednagar, a town in the western part of India, pieces. Maharashtra. 181 thousand. Inhabitants (1981). Cotton, leather industry. Founded in 1494. Ahmednagar state in India in 15 - 17 centuries. with the eponymous capital. Ahmadulina Bella (Isabella) Ahatovna (b. 1937), Russian poet. In the collections of "strings" (1962), "Music Lessons" (1970), "Candle" (1977), "The Secret" (1983), "The Garden" (1987, USSR State Prize, 1989) - the desire to present a moral maxims contemporary, approve "tall order" soul; condensed metaphor, refined archaic style. Book translations and original poems "Dreams of Georgia" (1977). Essay. Ahmad Shah Durrani (c. 1721 - 73), founder and Shah (1747), an independent Afghan state (Durrani state). Akhmanov Alexander (1893-1957), a Russian philosopher, lawyer, student of BP Vysheslavtseva and IAIlyin. In 1922-46 served as legal counsel in state institutions since 1947 - lecturer at Moscow University and the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. Works on logic. Akhmanov Sergey Aleksandrovich (1929-91), the Russian physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, one of the founders of nonlinear optics. Proceedings for the generation of ultrashort laser pulses, nonlinear laser spectroscopy, statistical radio physics and optics. Lenin Prize (1970). Ahmar Genghis Gabdurahmanovich (b. 1912), the Uzbek painter, muralist, People's Artist of Uzbekistan (1964). Is based on the tradition of medieval Central Asian painting (painting Theatre foyer. Navoi in Tashkent, 1944-47). USSR State Prize (1948). Achmat, Ahmed (? - 1481), Khan of the Great Horde (from 1465). Ahmed unsuccessful campaign for Moscow (see. "Standing on the Ugra 1480) led to the final liberation of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. AKHMATOVA (pres. Fam. Gorenko) Akhmatova (1889-1966), Russian poet. Adjoins the acmeism (collections" evening, "1912" Rosary ", 1914). Fidelity moral foundations of life, psychology of female feelings, understanding of common national tragedies of the 20th century., combined with personal experiences, the attraction to the classical style of poetic language in the book" Running time. Poems. 1909-1965. "The autobiographical cycle of poems" Requiem "(1935-40; published 1987) of the victims of repression of the 1930s. In" Poem Without a Hero "(1940-1965, published in full in 1976) - a reconstruction era" Silver Age ". Articles about AS Pushkin. AKHMATOVA Raisa Soltmuradovna (b. 1928), the Chechen poet, folk poet of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1977). He writes in the Chechen and Russian; a collection of lyrical poems and poems "coming to you" (1960) "Copper leaf Fall" (1974), "Pass" (1977), "Dawn of the mountains" (1981), "Recognition" (1984). AHMED (1806-55), the ruler (Bey) of Tunisia since 1837, of the dynasty Husaynid . Reorganized European-style army and navy, build factories in Tunisia opened the first secular educational institutions. in foreign policy was guided by France. Ahmed Yasawi (c. 1105-66), the Central Asian Sufi poet and preacher (see. Sufism). Collection mystical spiritual poems "Secret" (published 1878), attributed to Ahmed Yasawi, influenced the development of Turkic poetry. AKHMEDOV Ramazanovich Abdullah (b. 1929), the Turkmen architect, People's Architect of the USSR (1984), member of the Academy of Arts (1988). Major works (et): Hotel Intourist "Ashgabat" (1967), the ensemble Sq. Turan, in Vol. H. Library building. Azadi (1969-74; State Prize of the USSR, 1976) - all in Ashgabat. AKHMEDOV Akhmedovich Rahim (1924), the Uzbek painter, People's Artist of the USSR (1981), corresponding member of the Academy of Arts (1975). Genre portraits ("Morning. Motherhood", 1962), landscapes, portraits ("Nabi Rakhimov," 1983). AKHMEDOV Jakub (b. 1938), actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1991). Since 1959, the Uzbek Drama Theater. Hamza. In films. USSR State Prize (1977). AKHMEDOVA Frangiz Yusif (b. 1928), the Azerbaijani singer (soprano), People's Artist of the USSR (1967). Since 1951, the Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theatre. Ahmet Mithat Efendi (Ahmet Midhat) (1844-1913), Turkish writer, educator. Plays, works on the history and philosophy. Founder of the genre of the short story and the novel in Turkish literature. Historical novels and nravoopisatelnye "Janissaries" (1871), "Dancer" (1877), "Girl with a diploma" (1889), "Young Turks" (1908). Ahmed, city (1966) in Georgia, in the Alazani Valley. 9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food industry. Biochemical Plant, lesokombinat. Museum. Akhmeteli Alexander (Sandro) Vasilyevich (1886-1937), a Georgian director, People's Artist of Georgia (1933). One of the founders of the Georgian directing. Since 1922 in the Georgian Theater. Rustaveli (in 1926-35 chief director). repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Akhmetsky Reserve, on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, Georgia, formed in 1980 on the basis of Batsara-Babaneurskogo Reserve (1970). The area of 16,297 hectares. One of the world's largest yew trees (in Batsarskom Gorge), an array of zelkova. Operations Juhani (pres. Brufeldt name) (1861-1921), Finnish writer. Realistic story of people's lives "at the inn" (1884), socio-psychological novel "Daughter of the pastor" (1885), "Conscience" (1914), prose miniatures called "shavings" (Sat 1-8, 1891-1921 ). Ahola (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Chole - bile), the cessation of the flow of bile into the intestine, mostly with occlusion of the common bile duct; leads to jaundice. Achondroplasia (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Chondros - cartilage, plasis - formation) (chondrodystrophy), congenital stunted limb bones in the normal growth of the body, neck and head. Akhpat, Armenian medieval monastery (10-13 cc.) In the same village of Tumanyan region. The main church Nshana (10 in.) With the sculptural images ktitorov (people of the means which built the temple) on the outside and paintings 13-14 centuries. within; Gregory Church (11th c., rebuilt in the 13th century.) and the church Astvatsatsin (12-13 cc.), Gavito, refectory, library, bell tower. "Ahram" ("Al-Ahram"), daily Egyptian newspaper, from 1875, Cairo. Akhremchik Ivan Osipovich (1903-71), the Belarusian painter, People's Artist of Belarus (1949). Portraits, landscapes, pictures ("Face of the enemy," 1941; "The defenders of the Brest Fortress", 1957-58), a monumental painting. Achromat (from the Greek. Achromatos - colorless), the lens, which eliminates chromatic aberration; used in telescopes, binoculars, scopes, and so on. n. Akhromeev Sergei Fedorovich (1923-91), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1983), Hero of the Soviet Union (1982). Member of the Great Patriotic War. Since 1974 Deputy since 1979 1st Vice in 1984-88 Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR - 1st Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR. Since 1988, Advisor to the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, with the May 1989 Advisor to the Chairman of the USSR Supreme, with the March 1990 presidential adviser of the USSR. Lenin Prize (1980). After the failure of the coup attempt, undertaken by the State Committee on the State of Emergency (Emergency Committee), committed suicide. AHRR (Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia) (1922-32; 1928 Association of Artists of the Revolution, AChRs) Art Association. For artists AHRR (I. Brodsky, A. Gerasimov, MB Greeks, BV Johanson, E. Katzman, GG Ryazhskiy) is characterized by the development of the traditions of the Wanderers in the new environment, historical revolutionary theme. SARU, city (1967) in Azerbaijan, 34 km from the railway Art. Kurdamir. 15 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food industry and others. Akhtaev, urban village in Armenia. Railway station. 3.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Extraction of copper and polymetallic ores. Near Akhtala - medieval monastery Akhtala. Akhtala, Akhtal (pres. Giyas name Ibn al-Gaus Taghlib) (c. 640 - c. 710), Arab poet. Political poetry, eulogies. Akhtamar island on the lake. Van (now in Turkey), the residence of the Armenian kings Artzrunis (10-11 cc.). A unique monument of medieval Armenian architecture - the Church of St. Cross (915-921, architect Manuel), decorated with frescoes and stone carvings; the ruins of the port (10 in.). Ahtanizovsky estuary, lake in the delta of the Kuban. 110 km2. In Ahtanizovsky estuary flows p. Cossack EREC - sleeve Kuban. Connected with the Azov m. AHTANOV Tahawi (b. 1923), Kazakh writer. The novel "Terrible Days" (1956) about the Great Patriotic War, the novel "Buran" (1963), the novel "The Light of the hearth" (1980). Short stories, plays. After peak (niderl. Achterpiek), extreme aft compartment vessel for storing water, water ballast. Stern-post (niderl. Achtersteven), aft (continued keel) in the form of a frame. Support for steering, and a single-screw vessel - and to the aft end of the propeller shaft. AHTISAARI (Ahtisaari) Maarten (b. 1937), President of Finland since 1994. Ahtuba, left sleeve of the lower Volga, departs from it above Volgograd, falls into her sleeve Buzan. 537 km. Average water consumption 143 m3 / s. Between the Volga and Akhtuba - Volga-Akhtuba floodplain area of Vegetables and Melons. Akhtubinsk, city (1959) in the Russian Federation. Astrakhan region., A marina on Akhtuba. Railway station (Vladimirovka). 50.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Shipyard, the food industry. Romney, a city in Ukraine, Sumy region. Railway station. 52.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Plants: agricultural engineering, medical furniture, etc .; light, food processing industry. Founded in 1641. In the district of Akhtyrka oil and gas production. Ahulgo, village in the North. Dagestan, serves to strengthen the residence of Shamil in the Caucasian War 1817 - 64. June 13, 1839 mountaineers led by Shamil steadfastly kept Ahulgo siege Russian troops under the command of General PH Grabbe. Only on August 22 Russian troops as a result of the bloody assault captured Ahulgo, but some fights in the village went for another week. Shamil with murids erupted in Chechnya. Ahunov mountain in the Caucasus, near Sochi. 663 m. 30-foot observation tower. Akhunbabayev (until 1975 the village. Sufikishlak), a city in Uzbekistan, Andijon. Railway station (Grunchmazar). 11.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Cotton factory, production of building materials. Named for the Uzbek politician Yu Akhunbabayev. AKHUNDOV Mirza Fatali (1812-78), the Azerbaijani writer, educator, philosopher. In the comedy "Molla Ibrahim Khalil, Alchemist" (1850), "Monsieur Jordan, a botanist" (1851), "Haji Kara" (1852), in the novel "Deceived Stars" (1857) realistically portrayed his day Azerbaijani reality; in philosophical works - the problem of knowledge and criticism of religion. Influenced the development of social thought of the peoples of the Middle East. AKHUNDOV Suleiman Sani (1875-1939), the Azerbaijani writer, playwright. Satirical stories; play "Falcon's Nest" (1921), "The Devil" (1922) about the revolutionary upsurge of the peasantry; tale. Ahunov Garif (Garifzyan) Ahunzyanovich (b. 1925), Tatar writer. Novels "Treasure" (1963), "The owners" (1968), "The daughter of the Volga" (1978), a play dedicated to the workers of Tatarstan. Ahura Mazda, the supreme god of Zoroastrianism. Impersonation good start. Ahtsu ridge in the southern part of the West. Caucasus. Height up to 1124 m. Gorge cuts through the district. Mzymta. Broad-leaved beech and fir forests. Akhsharumov Shostakovich (1823-1910), Petrashevist. Son DI Ahsharumova. Supporter promote the people's revolution. Sentenced to 4 years convict mouth, since 1851 ordinary in the Caucasus. Since the 1860s. sanitary doctor. Memoirs "Entries petrashevtsa." Akhsharumov Dmitri Ivanovich (1785-1837), the Russian military historian Major-General (1820). Member of the wars with France and Turkey in 1806-14. Author (1819) the first generalizing work of the Patriotic War of 1812. Acetabularia, the genus of green algae. Ok. 20 species in tropical and subtropical seas. Thanks to the giant Sustainable kernel Acetabularia - classical object cytology (the interaction of the nucleus and cytoplasm, nuclear transfer). ACETALDEHYDE (acetaldehyde), CH3CHO, colorless liquid with a pungent odor, boiling point = 20,2 ° C. Raw materials in the production of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, pentaerythritol. Acetanilide S6N5NNSOSN3, colorless crystals, m.p. = 114,3 ° C. Intermediate in the synthesis of dyes and medicines (sulfonamides). Cellulose acetate (cellulose acetate), [C6H7O2 (OH) 3-x (OCOCH3) x] n, the reaction product of cellulose with acetic anhydride, acetyl chloride or ketene; white solid. Thermoplastic, non-flammable. Used in the production of cellulose acetate fibers, plastics (see. Etroly) film, etc.. Acetate fiber, artificial fiber formable solution of cellulose triacetate (triacetate fiber), and a partial saponification product thereof (actually acetate fibers). Soft, elastic, a little rumpled, transmits ultraviolet rays; Disadvantages: low strength, low heat and wear resistance, a large electrified. Used mainly in the production of consumer goods, for example. laundry. World production of approx. 610 thousand. T. Acetate (from Lat. Acetum - vinegar), acetic acid esters or salts thereof; esters - colorless liquid, of which many have odor flowers or fruit; salts - crystalline substance. Esters are used as fragrances and synthetic polymers (eg., Vinyl acetate), salt - as a mordant in dyeing fabrics, and others. Acetylene, HC-CH, colorless gas, boiling point = 84,1 ° C. Prepared from natural gas or calcium carbide. Raw materials for the synthesis of vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate, etc .; fuel welding and cutting metals. Acetyl chloride, SN3SOSl, colorless liquid with a pungent odor, boiling point = 51,8 ° C. Used for the introduction of organic compounds CH3CO group (acetylation), eg., In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Acetylcholine SN3SOOSN2SN2N (CH3) 3, the mediator (transmitter) of nervous excitement in many invertebrates and vertebrates. When entering the blood lowers blood pressure, heart rate slows, increases peristalsis of the stomach and intestines and others. CA, is the same as cellulose acetate. Acetone, CH3COCH3, colorless liquid, boiling point = 56,1 ° C. Raw materials for the synthesis of many important chemical products; solvent, eg., in the manufacture of paints, explosives and drugs. Acetonitrile, CH3CN, colorless liquid, boiling point = 81,6 ° C. Good solvent, eg., For many salts of mineral acids; extractant. Acetoacetic ester, SN3SOSN2 - SOOS2N5, colorless liquid with an odor of fruit, boiling point = 181 ° C (partially decomposed). Raw material in the manufacture of drugs (eg., Amidopirina, quinacrine, vitamin B1), azo dyes, acids and ketones. ATSIDIMETRIYA see. Alkalimetry and atsidimetriya. Acidosis (from Lat. Acidus - sour), the shift of acid-base balance in the body in the direction of the relative increase in the amount of acid anions. Acidophilus fermented milk drink obtained by fermenting milk acidophilic organisms (bacteria). Acidophilus organisms (from Lat. Acidus - sour and Greek. Phileo - love), can exist in the face of considerable acidity. Eg., Acetic acid and lactic acid bacteria from higher plants - sphagnum moss, heather, lupine and others. ATSIDOFOBNYE organisms (from Lat. Acidus - sour and Greek. Phobos - fear), do not carry substantial acidity and develop only in neutral or alkaline medium. Eg., Urobakterii of higher plants - beets, alfalfa, beans. Acyclic compounds, the same as the aliphatic compound. Acylation, introduction of the molecules of organic and inorganic compounds with an acyl group (acyl) - carboxylic acid residues, eg. acetyl CH 3 C (O) (acetylation), benzoyl S6N5S (O) (benzoylation). Used for eg., Cellulose acetate fibers, dyes. Acini (from Lat. Acinus - berry bunch), 1) end department alveolar secretory glands (eg., Saliva, breast), also called adenomeres. 2) Primary lung structural unit consisting of the terminal bronchioles, alveolar extending from it moves with the associated alveoli. The Aztecs (Astek, Nahua), Indian people in Mexico. 1.2 million. People (1992). Aztec language. Believers - Catholics. Up to 16 in. on the territory of modern Mexico there was a state with the capital of the Aztecs in Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs created a civilization that was destroyed by the Spanish conquerors in the 16th century.
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