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ATTIK Sebaste (d. C. 320), the Christian martyr-warrior injured in Sebaste in the persecution of Emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 3 (16) of November. ATTICA, in the ancient region in the southeast Avg. Greece. In modern Greece Attica - one of the polynomials (center - Athens). Attila (Attila) (? - 453), the leader of the Huns from 434 headed devastating campaigns in East. Roman Empire (443, 447-448), Gaul (451) North. Italy (452). When Attila Hun confederacy of tribes reached the highest power. Attis, in Phrygian mythology, the god of fertility, the beloved goddess Cybele. Corresponds to the Phoenician Adonis and Babylonian Tammuz. Attitudes (French. Attitude), one of the major classical dance postures, in which the leg bent at the knee is raised and laid back. Atto ... (from the Latin. Atten - eighteen), the prefix for the name of education sub-multiples of the physical quantity equal to the proportion of the original 10-18. The abbreviation - a. Example: 1 as = 10-18 s. Atton Nikopol (Armenian) (d. C. 319), one of the forty-five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of Emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 10 (23) of July. Attorney (Eng. Attorney), the UK Charge d'Affaires in the US Attorney counties, districts, cities - Consultants authorities on the law, is also carried out functions of prosecution and prosecution of criminal cases. Attorney-general, in the UK government's chief legal counsel, also performs the functions of prosecutor's supervision, judicial protection of the financial interests of the Crown; the US government's chief legal adviser, a representative of its interests in court, and so on. n. appointed by the President. Attorney Generals are available in some states. Attractants (from the Latin. Attraho - draws to itself), natural or synthetic substances that attract animals, especially insects. Used as bait for agricultural pests. Attractions (fr. Attraction, letters. - Attraction) .. 1) the spectacular circus or pop number ... 2) A device for entertainment in the field of public festivities (carousel, Ferris wheel, and so on. N.). Atum, in Egyptian mythology, one of the ancient gods, the chief demiurge in Heliopolis cosmogony, who led the Great Ennead, the embodiment of the evening setting sun. Gradually the cult of Atum merges with the cult of Ra. Hatuey (Hatuey), Indian chief, who led the fight against the Spanish conquerors in Haiti and Cuba. Spaniards burned at the stake (1515). ATP, adenosine triphosphate abbreviated title. Atharva Veda, one of the four sacred Indian books, the Vedas, containing spells and incantations. Atharvana in Vedic mythology priest who first got fire and established a fire sacrifice. Atkov Oleg (b. 1949), a Russian cosmonaut, Soviet cosmonaut (1984), Hero of the Soviet Union (1984), MD (1986). Flight on a spacecraft "Soyuz T-10, -11" and orbital station "Salyut-7" (February - October 1984). USSR State Prize (1989). Atya SRA, leader of the uprising in Cambodia in 1864-66 against the king and the French colonialists. After the uprising was exiled. Aubakir Toktar Ongarbaevich (b. 1946), a Russian cosmonaut, Soviet cosmonaut (1991). Hero of the Soviet Union (1988), Distinguished Test Pilot of the USSR (1990). Flight on "Soyuz TM-12, -13" and orbital station "Mir" (October 1991). Since 1993, the general director of the National Aerospace Agency of Kazakhstan. Auwers (Auwers) Arthur (1838-1915), a German astronomer, foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1904). Proceedings on astrometry. Established the fundamental system of stellar positions and was the 1st fundamental star catalog (1879). Augrabis (Aughrabies), a waterfall on the river. Orange, in South Africa. The height of 146 m. AUGSBURG (Augsburg), a city in southern Germany, Bavaria, in the foothills of the Alps. 260 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Vintage textile center; mechanical engineering. Founded in 15 BC. e. In the 15-16 centuries. one of the main commercial and financial centers in Europe. Romanesque-Gothic cathedral (11-15 cc.), Hall (beg. 17 in.). Grand Alliance in 1686, a match made in Augsburg Netherlands, Emperor "Holy Roman Empire", Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Palatinate, Saxony, in order to suspend the territorial conquests of France in the West. Europe. Grand Alliance, to which in 1689 joined England was at war with France in 1688-97 (see. Palatine Succession), which ended the world Risvikskim 1697. Peace of Augsburg in 1555, between the German Protestant princes and the Emperor Charles V. Completed a series of wars between Catholics and Protestants. Established the right to determine the religion of the princes of his subjects (according to the principle "whose country, and of faith"), recognized Lutheran official religion (along with Catholicism). Contributed to strengthen the power of the princes. Augsburg Confession, presentation of the fundamentals of Lutheranism, Melanchthon drafted F. (1530). DSA, a historical region in India (modern pieces. Uttar Pradesh). In the 18th - early. 19th centuries. Aud - one of the major Indian states, actively fought against the expansion of the British East India Company; it was captured in 1856. DSA (Oud), Peter (1890-1963), a Dutch architect. The leader of the Dutch group functionalism and "Style". Projects integrated planning and development workers residential areas in Rotterdam. AUDERSKAYA (Auderska) Halina (b. 1904), a Polish writer. plays; novels: "Revenge of the siren" (vols. 1-2, 1980) - of the anti-fascist struggle; History - "The Queen of Bonn" (1983), a psychological - "Kill fear" (1985). AUDIENCE (from Lat. Audientia - hearing), the official reception at the person holding high office. Audiovisual (from Lat. Audio - visual and hearing), based on the simultaneous perception of hearing and sight (eg., Audio-visual learning tools: movies, TV shows). Audiology (from Lat. Audio - hear and ... logy), the doctrine of the hearing. Audiometry (from Lat. Audio - hear and ... Metro) .. 1) the device to determine the severity of hearing ... 2) An electronic device for measuring time, turn on the TV for the purpose of calculation of a rating guide (connected with the permission of the owner of the TV). AUDIOMETRY (from Lat. Audio - hear ... and meters), the measurement of hearing acuity by determining the least perceived sound intensity. Carried out using an audiometer. Audio card (from Lat. Audio- and hear French. Plateau - plate, disk), a special device to computer audio (music, speech, noise). Listening (from Lat. Audire - hear), listening texts for training voiced their perception and listening comprehension (mainly in the learning process). Audience, the position of the Russian Empire in the military and judicial institutions. Followers (from Lat. Auditor - the listener), individuals or special company authorized financial body or invited firms to inspect its accounts and financial situation. Auditors give an assessment of the proposed transaction, the degree of risk, effectiveness, and so on.. In the majority of countries reporting, unaudited, is subject to mandatory publication. In the Russian Federation in 1991 created Audit Service. The legislation establishes the cases in which necessarily Auditors. Auðumbla, in Norse mythology cow originated from frost World abyss. Rivers of milk that flowed from her udder nourished Ymir, progenitor of the frost giants. Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies), acute viral disease of pigs, cattle, sheep, goats and carnivores. Symptoms: central nervous system, severe itching (except pigs); high mortality. Auzinsh Imants (b. 1937), Latvian poet. Books lyrics "Sad optimism" (1968), "enduring" (1972), "bugle" (1976), "Faraway Voice" (1981), "This land is your kiss and a red light in the oven" (1987). AUITA (Aouita) Said (b. 1959), Moroccan athlete (track and field). Olympic champion (1984) and the world (1987) in the women's 5,000 meters. Olympic bronze medalist (1988) in the women's 800 meters. Multiple world record holder. Auxin, a group of plant hormones. Regulate at different stages of plant life of its growth, differentiation organs, growth response to light and gravity. Chemical nature - indole derivatives. The main representative - indoleacetic acid. Auxotrophs (from the Greek. Auxo - grow, increase and trophe - food, nutrition), micro-organisms that have lost the ability to synthesize one of the substances necessary for their growth (amino acids, vitamins or other.). Without adding to the culture medium of the substance auxotrophs not grow. Avg. Prototrophy. Aucuba (golden tree), a genus of plants of the family cornel. 3 species in East. Asia and the Himalayas. Shrub Japanese aucuba widely cultivated as an ornamental plant; in Vol. h. on the Black Sea coast. AUCTION (from Lat. Auctio - sale at public auction), the method of sale of goods in which the goods (or samples of it) previously exhibited for inspection. In the form of an auction sale and real estate, made a forced sale of the property of insolvent debtors and others. Normally, when the auction starting price is set. Aukshtaytiya (Aukstaitija), an ancient historical region in the south-eastern part of Lithuania. Aukshtaytiya inhabited. From the 13th century. the main part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Aukshtaytiya group Baltic tribes evolved in the 1st thousand. N. e. in Lithuania, now an ethnographic group of Lithuanians living mainly in the south-eastern part of Lithuania. AUL (Turk.), Village (formerly nomadic, now settled) among the peoples Avg. Asia; mountain village in the North. Caucasus. Taraz Airport, the name of Jambul in Kazakhstan until 1936. Aung San (1915-47), the national hero of Burma. In 1945, led a revolt against the Japanese invaders in 1945-47 led the struggle for independence. Killed by terrorists. Aung San Suu Kyi (b. 1945), general secretary of the National League for Democracy in 1988-92, one of the leaders of the democratic opposition in Myanmar. Daughter of Aung San. The Nobel Peace Prize (1991). AURA (from the Greek. Aura - trend) .. 1) the expression of the soul and spirit of man; in mystical literature is described as a visible only under ultra-sensitive perception shining oval shape surrounding the whole body, in the visual arts - a halo, halo (eg., in the iconography of the Transfiguration, and so on. f.) ... 2) The immediate precursors of epileptic seizure; a kind of short-term visual, auditory, and other emotional feelings and experiences. Aurangabad city in India, pcs. Maharashtra. 573 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Cotton and silk production. Aurangzeb (1618-1707), ruler of the Mughal Empire in India since 1658. In the war for the throne destroyed their fellow competitors, my father was arrested. Completed the conquest of the Deccan and South. India. Persecuted Hindus. Orpiment (from Lat. Aurum - gold and pigmentum - paint), class mineral sulfides As2S3. Golden or lemon-yellow crystals, impregnation. The hardness of 1.5-2; density 3.5 g / cm3. Found mainly in the low-temperature hydrothermal deposits. Raw material for arsenic compounds. Raus, the state in South. Arabia in the 1 st millennium. BC. e. In 3. BC. e. Aus territory became part of the Qataban and Saba. Ásgeirsson (Asgeirsson) Ausgeyr (1894-1972), President of Iceland in 1952-68. In 1931-34, Finance Minister in the Prime Minister 1932-34. Auseklis (Auseklis) (pres. Name and fam. Krogzemis Michelis, Krogzemis) (1850-79), Latvian poet. Sharp satire on the German barons and clergy. Poetize patriarchal way of life. Auscultation (from Lat. Auscultatio - listening), medical research method auscultation (directly, ie. E. The ear, or by steto- or phonendoscope) sound effects mainly in the lungs, heart. Auspices (Lat., U h. Auspicium, from avis - bird and specio - look) in Other. Rome divination Observations flight and cries of birds, and so on. D. Auspices augurs interpreted. Austenite (on behalf of the British metallurgist Y. Roberts, Austen, W. Roberts-Austen; 1843-1902), carbon-iron alloy structural component - solid solution of carbon (up to 2%) and alloying elements in the?-Iron. In carbon steel and cast iron is stable above 723 ° C. Austerlitz (Austerlitz), the German name of Austerlitz in the Czech Republic. Battle of Austerlitz, 20.11 (2.12). 1805, a decisive battle between the Russian-Austrian and French troops during the Russian-Austrian-French war in 1805 near the town of Austerlitz (now Slavkov, Czech Republic). The French army of Napoleon I defeated the Russian and Austrian troops under the command of Mikhail Kutuzov, who was forced to act according to the approved plan of Alexander I unsuccessful Austrian Colonel F. Weyrother. After the battle, the third anti-French coalition raspalas.AUSTERLITsKOE BATTLE December 2 (20 November) 1805 between the French and Russian-Austrian troops near Austerlitz (now Slavkov, Czech Republic). Predetermined the collapse of the third anti-French battle koalitsii.Predystoriya After England in 1805 succeeded in organizing anti-French coalition of European powers (Austria and Russia) and transfer the theater of war in the continent, Napoleon was forced to throw ready to send troops to the British Isles from the camp at La -Manshe in Bavaria, towards the Austro-Russian armii.Frantsuzskie body surrounded and forced to surrender the Austrian army of General Mack in the fortress of Ulm in Württemberg (Oct 20). Capturing or destroying a significant part of the Austrian army, the French rapid march moved to Vienna on the right bank of the Danube. The Russian army, now constitute the basis of military power coalition was in Moravia, on the left bank. November 13, Napoleon entered Vienna. Russian army, suffering enormous losses, went to Olmutz (Olomouc, Czech Republic). Its commander Mikhail Kutuzov did not consider it appropriate to give a general battle before reinforcements arrived from Russia and the concentration of the scattered remnants of the Austrian army. Alexander I wanted to fight, believing that the forces of the parties about the same. Guessing contradictions in the headquarters of the Allied forces, Napoleon by a number of diplomatic demarches allies persuaded that he is afraid of the battle. He managed to force the opponent to act according to his plan, and during the battle - near the village of Austerlitz, a hundred kilometers north of Vienna. On the eve of the Battle of the Russian and Austrian forces occupied Pratsenskie height of about Austerlitz. Weakening his left flank, Napoleon inspired the idea to attack the enemy, and it is here that the French cut off from the Danube and the road to Vienna. The battle took 1 December allies reserves with Pratsenskih heights on the right flank, had demanded Napoleon. The battle began at 7 am on December 2 on the left flank of the French. Once there began a fierce fighting, Napoleon struck the weakened center of the Austro-Russian army. The French quickly took Pratsenskie height and split the Allied army in two. Fierce attempts again to recapture the height nor to no avail. The right wing of Russian-Austrian army was pressed against the frozen lakes. When several thousand soldiers, retreating, were on the ice, the French army began to beat them with buckshot. Loss of allied forces amounted to 27 thousand. Man, 180 guns, 40 flags. The defeat was already sokrushitelnym.Presburgsky agreement on December 26 in Pressburg peace was signed between Austria and France. Venice, Istria, Dalmatia retreated to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, Tyrol - an ally of Napoleon Bavaria. Austria was obliged to pay a huge indemnity of 40 mil. florinov.Austerlits - perhaps the most brilliant victory of Napoleon. She allowed Napoleon for some time to become the supreme arbiter Evropy.Literatura: LN Tolstoy War and Peace. // Coll. cit .: In 4 t. M, 1951. T. 1.Thiry J. Napoleon Bonaparte. Ulm, Trafalgar, Austerlitz. Paris, 1962.E. Lebedev PRESS agents Austria (Austria Presse Agentur), the Austrian news agency, cooperative association of newspapers, radio and television with the participation of the Government of Austria. Founded in 1946, Vienna. Outbreeding (from the English. Out - out and breeding - breeding), crossing unrelated organisms of different species, varieties and species. Use in livestock and crop production in order to prevent the harmful effects of inbreeding (inbreeding), and others. Authentic texts (from the Greek. Authentikos - true), the text of the document, an officially recognized equivalent to another text compiled, usually in a different language, and having the same with legal force. Authigenic minerals (from the Greek. Authigenes - local origin), minerals of sedimentary rocks formed during sedimentation and lithogenesis on-site sedimentation. Eg., Barite, zeolites, certain clay minerals. AUTISM (from the Greek. Autos - himself), a state of mind characterized by a predominance of the closed inner life and an active suspension from the outside world. AUTO (App., And the Portuguese. Auto), one-act dramatic presentation in Spain and Portugal (13-18 cc.) On religious subjects. AUTO ... (from the Greek. Autos - himself), see. Auto ... autohaemotherapy (from auto ... hemo ... and therapy), intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of the patient's own blood (taken from a vein) in order to stimulate immune function and improve metabolism; treatment sluggish occurring infectious and other diseases. Autogenic training (from the Greek. Autogenes - he produces), a method of psychotherapy: using self-hypnosis the patient is trained to work on their physical and mental state. Applies also healthy for a short rest and others. Autodafe (App., And the Portuguese. Auto de fe, letters. - The act of faith), the solemn reading of the verdict of the Inquisition in Spain, Portugal, and the execution of the sentence itself (mainly public burning). The first relates to the auto-da-13 in., Last held in 1826 in Valencia. AUTOIMMUNITY (from auto ... and immunity), the ability of the immune system to recognize and attack the body's own cells. Normally, the immune system does not respond to the cells and tissues of the organism (see. Immunological tolerance). In the 80-ies. 20 in. demonstrated that autoimmunity is not only based on autoimmune diseases, but can also be related to performing the normal physiological functions, for example. removing the old and the destroyed cells. Autoimmune diseases are caused by immune responses directed against its own tissues and organs (eg., Collagen, nephritis). Self-poisoning (from auto ... and intoxication), poisoning organism toxic substances endogenous nature (eg., In uremia, diabetic coma). Auto-infection (from auto ... and infection), a disease caused by self-infection by microbes are at the body; activation of dormant infection under the influence of fatigue, hypothermia. Autopsy (from auto ... and Greek. Opsis- vision), an autopsy for diagnostic or research purposes. Autosomes, all the chromosomes in the cells of animals and plants dioecious, with the exception of the sex chromosomes. AUTRIMPS in Prussian mythology, god of the sea. The Outsiders (English. Outsider - an outsider) .. 1) the layman, amateur; trailer ... 2) business or company outside the monopolist, but forced to obey economic conditions dictated by the large monopolistic associations ... 3) Athlete with no chance of success in the competition; a race or a running horse, which is not a favorite. Autecology (autoekologiya) (from auto ... and ecology) section ecology, studied the effects of various environmental factors on individual organisms and populations. Avg. Synecology. 'Awfi Sadid al-Din (con. 12 in. - 1st floor. 13 in.), Persian and Tajik scholar and philologist. Compiled by "The core of cores" (1220) - the first known anthology of poems in Farsi; "Collection of stories and legends luminaries" (1228). Awhadi Maraghai (otherwise Isfahani) Rukn al-Din (? - D. 1337), Azerbaijani poet. Poem "Bowl Dzhemshida" presents cosmogonic and ethical views of the Sufis. Auce, (Auce), city (1925) in Latvia. Railway station. 3.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Factory knitted and clothing accessories and other. AUSHAUTS in Prussian mythology, the god of healing. Ruslan Aushev Sultanovich (b. 1954), Russian statesman, President of the Republic of Ingushetia (1993), Major General, Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1985-87 he served in Afghanistan. In the 1989-91 People's Deputies. In 1993-95 the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Since 1995 member of the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly. "Ausra" ("Dawn"), the first Lithuanian socio-political and literary magazine. Published in 1883-86 in Ragainė and Tilsit. Illegally distributed in Lithuania. He played for the development of national culture. ETA (Aue), a city in south-east Germany, Saxony. 26 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Machinery, textile industry. Near Aue - extraction of uranium, nickel ore. AUEZOV Omarkhanovich Mukhtar (1897-1961), Kazakh writer, Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan (1946). Stories, novels, plays. Epic novel "Abai's Way" (ch. 1-4, 1942-56). Works on the history of Kazakh literature and folklore. Lenin Prize (1959), the USSR State Prize (1949). AUENBRUGGER (Auenbrugger) Leopold (1722-1809), an Austrian physician. Proposed (1761) a new method for studying the patient - percussion. AUER Leopold Semenovich (1845-1930), violinist, conductor. In 1868-1917 he lived in Russia. Professor of the St. Petersburg Conservatory (1868). Pupils: MB Polyakin, J. Heifetz, E. Zimbalist and others. Since 1918 he lived in the United States. Auer von Welsbach (Auer von Welsbach) Karl (1858-1929), an Austrian chemist. Major works on the study of rare earth elements. Opened (1885), praseodymium and neodymium. Invented (1885) gazokalilnuyu grid, named after him. Auerbach Alexander Andreyevich (1844-1916), a Russian mining engineer, entrepreneur, professor (1868). Russia's first applied the method of microscopic examination of minerals. Explored Rutchenkovskiy Kurakhovskaya and coal deposits in Donbasce. Founded the first Russian mercury plant in Ekaterinoslav province, in 1896 organized and headed the company "Mercury deal A. Auerbach and Co". Auerbach (Auerbach) Berthold (1812-82), German writer. Idealizing patriarchal village "Black Forest village stories" (1843-54) with bright paintings of folk life and the novel "Cottage on the Rhine" (1869). Historical novel "Spinoza" (1837). Auerbach (Auerbach) Erich (1892-1957), a German historian of literature, philologist and novelist. Author seminal work "Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature" (1946). Auerstadt (Auerstedt), a town in Saxony (Germany). See. The yen-Auershtedtskoe battle. Aphasia (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Phasis - statement), speech disorder with preservation of speech and hearing, due to lesion of the cerebral cortex of the brain. Basic forms: motor (loss of ability to speak at safety speech understanding) and sensory (broken speech understanding, the ability to pronounce words and phrases often persists). Usually accompanied by Alex and agraphia. Aphakia (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Phakos - lentils, lens), the absence of the lens in the eye due to cataract or seriously wounded, sometimes - congenital (in combination with other malformations of the eye); vision deteriorates. Bottlenose dolphins, marine mammal family Delphinidae. Length 3.9 m, weighs up to 280 kg. Widely distributed in temperate and warm waters, in Vol. H. In the Black, Baltic and Far Eastern seas; bottlenose dolphin fishing is prohibited (1966). Often found in aquariums (unpretentious, breed in captivity, to train).
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