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Karl Arnstein Avgustovich (1840-1919), one of the founders of the Russian school neurohistology. Major works on histology peripheral nerve endings. ARC (Haro) Guillermo (b. 1913), the Mexican astronomer. Discovered many planetary nebulae, novae, comets, supernova, "blue" galaxy (1956). Regardless of J. Herbig opened (1950-52) compact emission nebulae (Herbig-Haro objects), resulting from the activity of emerging stars next to them. Arosa (Arosa), mountain resort in Switzerland, to the west of Davos. Winter sports center. AROMATIZATION petroleum products, chemical processing to increase the content of aromatic hydrocarbons. Carried out mostly by catalytic reforming naphtha oil. Aromatization of petroleum products produced high-octane gasoline, individual aromatic hydrocarbons, eg. benzene. Aromatics, organic compounds whose molecules contain cycles (t. N. A benzene nucleus) of 6 carbon atoms involved in the formation of a single system of conjugated double bonds. Include hydrocarbons (arenes), and their derivatives (aniline, benzoic acid, phenol, etc.). Aromatic compounds are also t. N. nebenzoidnye compounds, eg. azulene, heterocyclic compounds - furan, thiophene, pyridine, et al. The name arises from the fact that the first open representatives of aromatic compounds has a pleasant smell. The main sources of aromatic compounds - petroleum products and coal tar. Aromorphoses (from the Greek. Airo - lift and morphosis - sample form), the complexity of the organization and functions of the body in the course of evolution, giving them the opportunity to expand the use of the environment (eg., The formation of four-chambered heart in the transition from reptiliepodobnyh ancestors to mammals, the development of warm-blooded) . Aromanians (tsintsary, Macedonian Romanians kutsovlahi, vlehi), the people of Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. 115 thous. People (1992). Aromunskom speak dialect of Romanian language. Believers - mostly Orthodox. ARON (Aron) Raymond (1905-83), a French sociologist, the ideologue of the right wing of the liberal bourgeoisie. Political columnist for the newspaper "Le Figaro" (1947), "Express" (1977), professor at the College de France (1970). One of the authors of the concept of industrial society. Aron, a genus of shrubs of the family of pink. Ok. 15 species in the temperate zone North. America. Some are cultivated as ornamental and fruit, in Vol. H. Chokeberry Aronia, or chokeberry. Arum, a genus of perennial herbs of the family aronnikovyh. Ok. 15 species in Europe and Asia Minor, 1 - in Wed. Asia. poisonous; when dried poisonous properties are lost. Flour from the dried tuber Arum maculatum, containing up to 25% starch, is suitable as food. Arkady Aronov Girshevich (b. 1939), the Russian physicist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Proceedings of the optics of semiconductors and dielectrics, kinetic phenomena in semiconductors, phase transition metal - insulator transition, superconductivity. Aroseva Olga (b. 1925), the Russian actress, People's Artist of Russia (1984). Since 1946 the Leningrad Comedy Theater, 1950 in the Moscow Theater of Satire. Mostly comedy, character actress, seeking severity stage drawing, colorful household items. Roles: Kukushkin ("A Profitable Post" by Alexander Ostrovsky, 1967), Charlotte ("The Cherry Orchard" by Anton Chekhov, 1983) Seraphim Ilinichna ("Suicide" N. Erdman, 1986), and others. Filmed in the movie. In the 1970s. constant participant of TV program "Tavern 13 chairs." Arch dam, in terms of the curvilinear dam, where the water pressure is almost completely transferred to the rocky shores or foundations (end support). Eg., Dam Inguri height of 270 m. BDA (Arp) Hans (Jean) (1887-1966), a Swiss and a French painter and poet, one of the founders of Dadaism, then moved to the synthesis of surrealism and abstraction, creating paintings, drawings, collages and sculpture, dominated by "biomorphic" imitating nature's rhythms fantasy. ATM (Arp) Halton Christian (b. 1927), American astronomer. Opened many astronomical objects: variables and new stars, active and interacting galaxies. Published "Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies" (1966). ARPA (Eastern Arpachai), a river in Armenia and Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan), left tributary of the Aras. 128 km catchment area of 2630 km2. Used for irrigation. Built a tunnel to transport water from Lake Arpa. Sevan. Arpad (Arpad), Hungarian princes dynasty (889-1000) and kings (1000-1301). Large representatives Istvan I, Laszlo I, Bela IV. Arpeggios (correct arpeggios) (ital. Arpeggio, from arpa - harp), pursuant to the sounds of the chord sequence, mostly starting from the bottom tone by playing the harp, piano and others. Instruments. Arpino (Arpino) Giovanni (b. 1927), Italian writer. Socio-critical ("Years of maturity," 1958; "The shadow of the hills", 1964), anti-clerical ("Young nun", 1960), psychological novels; stories for children. ARRABAL (Arrabal) Fernando (b. 1932), Spanish novelist, playwright, absurdist. Since 1954 lives in France. Theorist t. N. "panic theater". Play "Cemetery of cars" (1957), "Architect and the Emperor of Assyria" (1966), "The Garden of Delights" (1969), "on the ropes, or The Ballad of the Ghost Train" (1974) and others. Arran, the Arabic name of Caucasian Albania 6-9 cc .; the territory between the rivers Kura and Araks (modern Mil steppe) in the 9-10 centuries. Arras (Arras), a city in northern France, at p. Scarp, adm. c. Department of Pas-de-Calais and the main city of the historical region of Artois. 40 thousand. Residents. Machinery, light (in Vol. H. The production of lace), the food industry. Union of Arras, the union of a number of historical provinces of the Netherlands (Hainaut, Artois, Douai), concluded in Arras in January 1579 at the initiative of the reaction of the Catholic nobility and directed essentially against the Netherlands bourgeois revolution and the war with Spain. 7 northern provinces of the Netherlands responded to the union Arrakskuyu conclusion Utrecht union. Arrhenius (Arrhenius) Svante August (1859-1927), a Swedish scientist, one of the founders of physical chemistry, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1903) and Foreign Honorary Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925). Author of the theory of electrolytic dissociation. Proceedings on chemical kinetics (Arrhenius equation), as well as astronomy, astrophysics and biology. Studied the solar corona, the evolution of stars and planets. Author panspermia hypothesis postpone germ of life from one planet to another. Nobel Prize (1903). Arrhenius equation expressing the dependence of the rate constant of a chemical reaction on the temperature T k: k = A • exp (-E / RT); E - activation energy; R - gas constant. Suggested by Arrhenius in 1889. Arreola (Arreola) Juan Jose (b. 1918), the Mexican novelist. Book of short stories "fable" (1952), the novel "Holiday" (1963) and others. Catch (from the French. Arreter - stop), a mechanical device for fixing the movable part precision measuring instrument (galvanometer, analytical balances, etc.) In a position excludes its damage at random shocks. Flavius Arrian (between 95-175), Greek historian and writer. Author extant "Anabasis of Alexander in 7 books (history of the campaigns of Alexander the Great)," India ", philosophical works (in which he outlined the teachings of Epictetus), a treatise on warfare and hunting, from other works or fragments of the name. Arro, Vladimir Konstantinovich (p. 1932), the Russian playwright. In ostrokonfliktnyh plays "Capital punishment" (1976, published 1984), "Look who came! (1982), "Track" (1987) and others. Finding a way out of the spiritual crisis of modern man in the ways of the approval of universal moral values. Novels and short stories for children. Arrowroot starch extracted from rhizomes, tubers and fruits of tropical plants (arrowroot, cassava, bananas, etc.). Nutritionally similar to starch potatoes. ARS NOVA (lat. Ars nova - a new art), progressive direction in the French and Italian music of the 14th century. Main features: non-exclusive use of church music genres and appeal to secular vocal and instrumental chamber genres, closer to home songs, the use of different musical instruments. Opposite t. N. ars antiqua (lat. ars antiqua - old art), implied the art of music to beg. 14 in. ARSENAL (fr. Arsenal), an institution for storage, repair and assembly of weapons and ammunition. Until the end. 19 in. mainly engaged in the production of weapons and ammunition. "Arsenal", the Russian group, formed in 1973 in Moscow, A. Kozlov. Contents: I. Smirnov (acoustic guitar, electric guitar), Denisov (keyboards), A. Kulikov (bass), I. Javad Zadeh (drums), A. Pishchikov (tenor saxophone). The name reflects the diversity of genre and stylistic (jazz, rock, folk, chamber music) and means of expression (from traditional brass and folk instruments to modern electronic equipment). The program of the ensemble was a live version of the rock opera E. Lloyd Weber's "Jesus Christ - Superstar", a series of jazz-rock compositions. Group distinguishes holistic artistic conception. Arsenate metal salts ortomyshyakovoy N3AsO4 acid, for example. K3AsO4, arsenic acid and NAsO2 N3AsO3 eg. Ca (AsO2) 2. Used as insecticides, antiseptics Wood treatment, as components of antifouling paints for ship bottoms, phosphors, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials. Poisonous. NATURAL arsenate group minerals, salts ortomyshyakovoy H3SO4 acid with cations of Ca, Mn, Cu, U, Al, Zn, Pb, less Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Bi. There are simple and double natural arsenates. Based on the structure of natural arsenates - tetrahedron [AsO4] 3-; dominated island and layered structures. Ok. 120 mineral species. Formed in the oxidation zone of sulfide deposits containing Ni and Co arsenides, in the form of crusts, raids and others. Many natural arsenates - indicators of metal ores. Arsenide, chemical arsenic compounds with metals, for example. Na3As, Ca3As2, Zn3As2. Under the action of acids, poisonous arsenic hydrogen. GaAs, InAs - important semiconductor materials. NATURAL arsenide, a class of minerals, metal compounds (Fe, Ni, Co, Pt, Cu) arsenic. Coordination structures and island. opaque; metallic shine. Characterized isomorphism Ni, Co, Fe. Commonly found in hydrothermal deposits. Many natural arsenides - ore cobalt, nickel, platinum. ARSENY (in the world Mohyla Alex) (1704-70), Metropolitan of Kiev, the court preacher of the Empress Elizabeth, the author of the Akathist Hierarch Dimitry of Rostov. ARSENY (in the world Fedor Moskvin Pavlovich) (1797-1876), Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (1860), author of "The Interpretation of the first twenty-six psalms" (1873). I ARSENY Serbian (d. 1266), Archbishop of Serbia (1233). Memory in the Orthodox Church August 30 (September 12) (of the Serbian saints) and 28 October (November 10). ARSENY Deaf (Selizharovets) (17 in.), Monk Nil desert (on about. Seliger) spravschik liturgical books (along with the Rev. Dionysius and Ivan hen). ARSENY Greek (17 in.), Spravschik and translator of liturgical books under Patriarch Nikon; translated "Skryzhal" monk John and Nathanael "Chronograph" Metropolitan Dorofei. ARSENY Matseevich (in the world Alexander) (1697-1772), the Russian church leader, Metropolitan of Rostov (1742-63), the enemy of the church reform of Peter. For speaking out against the secularization of monastic land holdings had been deprived of monastic rank and imprisoned in the dungeon Revel fortress. ARSENY Satanovskiy (17 in.), Hieromonk Kiev-Bratsk monastery spravschik and translator of liturgical books under Patriarch Nikon. ARSENY Sukhanov (d. 1668), celibate priest, builder of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery of the Epiphany and the cellarer of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, vyvezshy from a trip to Mount Athos 700 ancient manuscripts (stored in the Moscow Synodal Library). ARSENY Uglich (d. 1609), Martyr, who died in the ruin of Uglich Poles in the Time of Troubles. Memory in the Orthodox Church on May 23 (June 5) (Cathedral of the Rostov-Yaroslavl saints). Arsenopyrite (arsenic pyrite) class mineral sulphides, FeAsS. With impurities, Ni, Au. Tin-white. The hardness of 5.5-6; density of 5,9-6,3 g / cm3. Hydrothermal deposit, pegmatite and contact-metasomatic. Ore arsenic less cobalt and gold. Arsene city (since 1952) in the Russian Federation, Primorsky kr. at p. Arsen'evka. Railway station. 71.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Engineering, construction materials, wood and others. The branch of Primorsky State Museum. Is named after Arsenyev. ARSENEV Vladimir Klimovich (1872-1930), a Russian explorer of the Far East, geographer and writer. Explored the South. Primorye (1902-03), Sikhote-Alin Mountains (1906-10). One of the founders of local history in the direction of the national scientific literature. Books "in the Ussuri territory" (1921), "Dersu Uzala" (1923), "In the Sikhote-Alin mountains" (a separate edition 1937) and others. ARSENEV Konstantin Ivanovich (1789-1865), the Russian statistics, historian, geographer, academician Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841). In 1819-21 Professor of St. Petersburg University, suspended for condemnation of serfdom. Tried to justify economic regionalization of Russia. The main work: "Statistical Sketches of Russia" (1848). ARSENEV Konstantin (1837-1919), Russian writer, a lawyer, a district leader, Honorary Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917; academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1900). In 1906-07 one of the leaders of the Party of Democratic Reforms. Chief Editor of "Encyclopedic Dictionary" and "New Encyclopedic Dictionary" Brockhaus and Efron. ARSENEV Nikolai Sergeyevich (1888-1977), an Orthodox theologian and philosopher. Since 1920 in exile until 1944 he taught theology and Russian literature at Konigsberg, 1948 in the United States. Since 1927 he participated in the ecumenical movement, emphasizing (following Khomyakov) conciliar idea of salvation and revealing the spiritual tradition of the Eastern Church. Arsine is the same as arsenic hydride. Ar Yuri Mikhailovich (1936), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Major works on the theory of geological and industrial evaluation of mineral deposits, environmental management in mining. ARSLANKULOV Tashpulat (1882-1962), the Uzbek master ganch People's Artist of Uzbekistan (1944). Participated in the design of buildings in Tashkent. USSR State Prize (1948). ARTAVAZD II (? -31 BC. E.), King of Armenia Great (56-34 BC. E.). Expanded the territory of the country, led a long struggle with Rome, Mark Antony captured and executed. Artaxerxes I Dolgoruky, the king of the Achaemenid state in 465-424 BC. e. Athens concluded the Peace of Callias 449, completing the Greco-Persian Wars and fixed defeat the Persians. Artaxerxes II Mnemon king of the Achaemenid state in 404-358 BC. e. Oh Artaxerxes III, king of the Achaemenid state in 358-338 BC. e. Sought to strengthen the state, weakened under his predecessors; conquered Egypt. ARTAMONOV Kutuzov (1898-1972), a Russian archaeologist, doctor of historical sciences. Director of the State Hermitage Museum (1951-64). Proceedings of the Scythians, Khazars, the early Slavs. ARTAMONOV Sergey (b. 1915), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology (1983), Professor (1985). The main area of interest - the history of French literature. Books: "Voltaire" (1954), "Beaumarchais' (1960)," Francois Rabelais "(1964)," The history of foreign literature XVII-XVIII centuries. "(1978), "Literature of the Ancient World" (1988). Artani (Arsania, Arta), one of the three centers (along with Kujawy and glory) Dr. Russia 9-10 cc. Referred to the Arab and Persian geographers. ARTARI Aleksandr Petrovich (1858-1919), a Russian botanist, Professor (1917). Works on the morphology, physiology and ecology of algae. One of the first in Russia began to apply (1898) method for growing pure cultures of algae. Artashat, a town (since 1961) in Armenia, p. Aras. Railway station. 32.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Wine, canning, light and woodworking industry. Mechanical engineering and metal working. Theater. Center area of cultivation of grapes (in Vol. H. Of valuable and unique varieties). Based app. 176 BC. e. Great Armenian capital. A major center of Hellenistic culture and crafts. Ancient Armenian theater. ARTASHES I (? - C. 160 BC. E.), King of Armenia 189. Great to lead the revolt against the Seleucids, proclaimed the independence of the Armenian state. ARTEVELDE (Artevelde) Jacob (c. 1290-1345), a wealthy merchant-draper, who led a revolt in 1338 suknodelov Ghent against the Count of Flanders. Concentrated in his hands the power over the whole of Flanders. Pursued a policy in the interests of the urban elite of Ghent. Rebels killed artisans. Artesian water (from Artesium - Lat. The name of the French province of Artois, where the water has long been used), artesian water, enclosed in a water-bearing strata of rocks between waterproof layers. Usually occur within certain geological structures (basins, troughs, flexures, etc..) To form artesian basins. At the opening of boreholes artesian water rises above the top of the aquifer, sometimes gush. Artesian Basin, groundwater basin, dedicated to the negative, geological structure (syncline, trough, deflection, mountain hollow) containing pressurized reservoir waters. Large artesian basins in the Russian Federation - Western Siberia, Moscow. Artesian well, borehole intake artesian waters. Artek, children climatic health resort in the Crimea, on the Black m., Near Gurzuf. Founded in 1925. Prior to 1991 Union Pioneer Camp, from May 1991 International Children's Center. Combines architectural complexes: "Sea", 1960-61, "Coastal", 1960-64, "Mountain", 1972, architect A. Polyansky T. et al. ARTEL, various associations of citizens for the overall economic activity. Artel artists in St. Petersburg, Russia's first democratically-minded association of artists led by INKramskoy; founded in 1863 by graduates of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, walked out of it (ie. n. a riot 14) in connection with the refusal to write a picture for competition on a given topic and educated commune. A number of former members of the Artel artists later - Wanderers. Artem, city (1938) in the Russian Federation, Primorsky kr. Railway station (Artem Seaside I). 70.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Factories: furniture, carpet, piano; Porcelain Factory and others. Near Artem - Power Plant. Brown coal mining. Founded in 1924; named after Artem (FA Sergeyev). Artyom (Sergeyev Fyodor) (1883-1921), politician. Led an armed uprising in Kharkov in 1905 and 1917, the chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC). Since 1918 Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) Donetsk-Krivoy Rog republic, in 1920 the chairman of the executive committee of Donetsk. In 1920-21 Secretary of the Moscow Committee (MC) parties, then chairman of the Central Committee of the Russian Union of Mineworkers. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1917-1918, 1920-21. Died during the test Aerowagon. Artem (pres. Fam. Artemyev) Rodionovich Alexander (1842-1914), Russian actor. Since 1888 he played in the Society of Art and Literature, 1898 at the Moscow Art Theatre (MAT). Artemio (1.), Apostle of the 70 (Titus 3:12), Bishop Listriysky (in Lycaonia, Asia Minor). Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) in January and 30 October (November 12). Artem Island in the Caspian m., 50 km from Baku. Connected with the dam Apsheron ew. Ok. 10 km2. Oil. On the island of Artem - Artem township-Island. Named after Artem (FA Sergeyev). Stepan Artemenko Elizarovich (1913-77), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1945, for the differences in the fighting south of Warsaw, at p. Oder and the storming of Berlin), Colonel. In World War II commander of the infantry battalion. Artemis, in Greek mythology, daughter of Zeus, goddess of the hunt, the patroness of childbirth. Depicted with bow and arrows, sometimes with a crescent moon on his head. It corresponds to the Roman Diana. Brine shrimp, crustaceans kind of detachment Branchiopoda. The length of 0.8-1 cm, salt lakes and marine estuaries. Bred as food for juvenile fish. Artemia larvae - feed aquarium fish. Artem (? - After 1571), the abbot of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1551, one of the ideologists of Russian nestyazhatelstva writer. In the case of M. Bashkina exiled to the Solovetsky monastery. Fled to Lithuania. Artemov (until 1921 Farm Nelepovsky), city (1938) in Ukraine, Donetsk region., Near the railroad Art. Magdalinovka. 7.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Extraction of coal. Is named after Artem (FA Sergeyev). Artemovskii, city (1939, formerly the village. Olkhovskiy) in the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk kr., 12 km from the railway Art. Koshurnikova. 4.5 thousand. Residents (1992). Gold mining. Timber industry. Is named after Artem (FA Sergeyev). Artemovskii city (from 1783 to 1924 Bakhmut) in Ukraine, Donetsk region. Railway station. 90.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Extraction of salt. Production of construction materials; machinery, light industry, food industry. Known since 1571. Named after Artem (FA Sergeyev). Artemovskii (until 1921 Ekaterinovka), city (1961) in Ukraine, Lugansk region. J.-D. Art. Vigorous. 11.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Extraction of coal. Founded in 1911. It was named after Artem (FA Sergeyev). ARTYOMOVSK, city (1938, formerly the village. Egorshino) in the Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg region. Railway junction (Egorshino). 41.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Coal mining; engineering industry. Yegorshinsky CHP. Is named after Artem (FA Sergeyev). ARTYOMOVSK-Gulak Petr Petrovich, see. Gulak-Artyomovsk PP Artemon (Artem) (beg. 3 in.), The head of the sect and school anti-Trinitarians in Rome. ARTEMYEV Vladimir Andreyevich (1885-1962), a Russian designer propellant rockets. Member of the development and testing of the first Soviet missiles in smokeless powder. Contributed to the creation of rockets for the "Katyusha". USSR State Prize (1941, 1943). ARTEMYEV Artemyevitch Paul (1897-1979), commander, Colonel-General (1942). In World War II commander of the Moscow VO, at the same time (up to 1943) - the Moscow area of defense. In 1953-60 Deputy and 1st Deputy Commander of the Ural IN. ARTEMYEV Edward N. (b. 1937), Russian composer, Honored Artist of Russia (1985). Works in the field of electronic music ("Variations on a tone", 1970 et al.), Music for films. (St. 80, in Vol. H. "Courier", "Urga"). State Prize of the Russian Federation (1993). ARTERY (Gr., Ed. H. Arteria), the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich (arterial) blood from the heart to all organs and tissues of the body (a pulmonary artery carries venous blood from the heart to the lungs). Arteritis, inflammation of the arteries; can capture any layer of the vessel wall (eg., when the internal occlusive disease, all layers - with periarteritis nodosa). Arterioles and small arteries branching end, passing in the capillaries. Arteriosclerosis, formerly known as various chronic diseases of the arteries (in Vol. H. Atherosclerosis), accompanied by the seal of their walls. ARTESONADO (App. Artesonado), inlaid wooden ceiling with caissons, often decorated with carvings and paintings. Borrowed from medieval Moorish architecture architectural Spain, and later in Latin America. Artifacts (from Lat. Artefactum - artificially made) .. 1) the subject, made, man-made ... 2) The process or entity not inherent in the object under study in normal and usually arise in the course of his research. Eg., At a fixed histological preparation in the cells (as a result of coagulation proteins) may appear precipitation (lumps). Artigas (Artigas) Jose Gervasio (1764-1850), the national hero of Uruguay, one of the leaders of Latin American wars of independence of 1810-26. Artik, city (1945) in Armenia. Railway station. 25.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Field development tuff. Plant vacuum furnaces; light industry; carpet. 5-7 centuries of the Church. ARTICLE (French. Article), in a number of Indo-European, Semitic languages and some other differentiating function word. Accompanies the noun and is a measure of grammatical categories of certainty and uncertainty, or gender, number and case (eg., Eng. The, well, it. Der, die, das, ein, eine, French. Le, la, les, un, une, des).
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