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ARKIGRAM (Archigram), Architectural Association of British and American designers, architects and researchers environment. Magazine - manifesto "Arkigram Magazine" has been published since 1961. The group, headed by P. Cook, opposes the monotony and pretentious monumental post-war architecture. ARKIZUM (Archizoom), an association of six Florentine architects (A. Branzi, J. Corrette, P. Diganello, M. Monotstsi, D. and L. Bartolini); founded in 1966. It is an anti-functionalist trend in Italian design. Group projects are widely reported in the magazine "Domus" and the Milanese magazine "In". Arkin David E. (1899-1957), a Russian critic and historian of architecture, fine and decorative arts. Explored the aesthetic and technical principles of contemporary art. Arkin Yefim Aronovich (1873-1948), a Russian teacher, member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Russia (1947). Proceedings on preschool pedagogy. Arkosa (arkose sandstones), clastic, predominantly coarse-grained, rocks pink or red, consisting mainly of feldspar and quartz and formed due to the destruction of granites and gneisses. Arcola (Arcole), a village in the North. Italy, on the left bank of the river. Alpone, near which 15-17.11.1796, during the Italian campaign of 1796-97 Bonaparte, French troops under the command of General Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Austrian army feldtseyhmeystera J. Alvintzy advancing the purpose of the blockade by the French besieged Mantua. Arcology, architectural concept developed by P. Soler, is the synthesis of architecture and ecology. P. Soleri proposed to solve urban problems 20. construction of vertical megastructures able to hold up to three million people. ARKONA (Arkona), city and religious center of the Baltic Slavs 10-12 centuries. on about. Rügen (Germany). Destroyed by the Danes in 1169. The remains of the sanctuary Svyatovita, public and residential buildings. Arconada (Arconada) César Muñoz (1898-1964), Spanish writer. Novels of peasant life ("The poor against the rich," 1933), poems, short stories; novel "The River Tagus" (1938) about the Spanish Civil War of 1936-39, the tragedy "Manuela Sanchez" (1949) about the character of the guerrilla movement. ARCOS (All Russian Cooperative Society Limited, 1922 - Arcos Ltd), joint stock trading company. Established in 1920 in London, the Soviet delegation cooperative, registered as a private limited liability company, represented the Soviet foreign trade organizations in a number of foreign countries. Ceased its operations in the beginning. 2nd World War. "ARCTIC" nuclear icebreaker. Built in 1975 (USSR). Length of 148 m, displacement of 23.4 thousand. T, power 55 MW propulsion system. Used for navigation along the Northern Sea Route. The first surface ship, reached in the active swimming the North Pole (1977, leader of the expedition TB Guzhenko Captain YS Kuchiev). ARCTIC (from the Greek. Arktikos - North), the northern polar region of the Earth, including the continental margin of Eurasia and North. America, almost the entire North. Arctic approx. with the islands (except for coastal islands of Norway), as well as adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacific approx. The southern boundary of the Arctic coincides with the southern boundary of the tundra. Area of approx. 27 million. Km2, sometimes limit the Arctic from the south of the Arctic Circle (66 ° 33 'with..); in this case the area of 21 million. km2. According to the features of the relief in the isolated Arctic: shelf, with the islands of continental origin and adjacent continental margin and the Arctic bass. Shelf area occupied by marginal seas - the Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Beaufort, Baffin. The relief of the Arctic land within the Russian Federation is mainly flat, in places, especially on the islands, mountainous. The central part - Arctic bass., An area deep basins (up to 5527 m) and underwater ridges. Features of nature: low radiation balance close to 0 ° C average air temperature during the summer months, the average temperature of the negative, the existence of glaciers and permafrost, the prevalence of tundra vegetation and arctic desert. The marine fauna of the Arctic includes approx. 150 species of fish (salmon, smelt, cod, whitefish, and others.) And 17 species of marine mammals (whales, seals, walruses). Terrestrial mammals: polar bears, arctic foxes, caribou. Ice cover marine areas approx. 11 million. Km2 in winter and approx. 8 million. Km2 summer. Huge role in the development of the Arctic has played the Northern Sea Route. North Slope, in northern Alaska (USA), is bordered by North Coast. Arctic approx. The width of up to 150 km. Swampy. Moss-lichen tundra. Oil and gas (Prudhoe Bay). ARCTIC race, part of the great Mongoloid race. Characterized by a rather dark hair and eyes, protruding narrow nose, dolihokefaliya. Distributed in the extreme north-east Asia, North. America, Greenland. The representatives of the Arctic race - Eskimos. ARCTIC OCEAN (Polar Basin), deep part of the North. Arctic approx., Bounded on the south edge of the shelf of Eurasia and North. America. 5.3 million. Km2. Dissected underwater Gakkel Ridge, Lomonosov and Mendeleyev on Nansen, Amundsen, Makarov, Canadian and others. Characterized by drifting ice. Studied mainly drifting station "North Pole." ARCTIC geosynclinal belt surrounds the cavity North. Arctic approx. Includes Paleozoic and Mesozoic folded structures North. Greenland, Canada, north-east of the Russian Federation. Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg. Founded in 1920 as the Northern Expedition Scientific and Technical Department of the Supreme Economic Council (the Supreme Economic Council); 1925 Institute for the Study of the North. The modern name since 1958. Comprehensive studies on the nature of the Arctic and Antarctic. Organized communication. 1000 expeditions, t. H. The series "North Pole" and the Antarctic (1958). Arctic zone, a natural belt of the Earth, including most of the Arctic. On land in the Arctic zone enters zone arctic desert. Sea ice cover is stable. Border of the Arctic zone is generally carried out at 5 ° C isotherm of the warmest month (July or August). Arctic and Antarctic desert zone, covering the island and the mainland shore of the Arctic and Antarctic (last - with more severe climate). Dominated by glaciers, rocky deserts; in vegetation - mosses and scale lichens. Arctic Institute Islands, a group of four low-lying islands and several sand spits in the Kara m. The territory of the Russian Federation. Height up to 50 m. The prevailing arctic tundra. ARCTIC PLATEAU, foothill plateau in northern Alaska (USA) at the northern foot of the ridge. Brooks. The width of 30-120 km. The height of 200-700 m. Tundra. Oil Field (UMIAT). Arctogaia (from the Greek. Arktos - north and ge - earth), faunal realm of land; North takes. America, Eurasia (without Hindustan and Indochina), Sev. Africa (including sugar). The fauna is characterized by a common origin. Live only placental mammals, characterized by well-known representatives of the families and genera (wolf, fox, hare, wild boar, and others.). Avg. Neogaea and Notogeya. ARKTOS (Gr. Bear), the ancient Greek name of the constellation Ursa Major. Hence - the Arctic, Antarctica. See. Also Callisto and arcades. Arcturus? Bootes, the star of zero magnitude, the brightest in the North. hemisphere. Arlan oilfields, in the northwest of Bashkortostan within the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. Opened in 1955. The deposits at a depth of 0.8-1.3 km. Oil density 0,88-0,89 g / cm3, the content of S 2,4 - 3,6%. HARLEQUIN (ital. Arlecchino), traditional character of the commedia dell'arte - servant involved in the development of intrigue; later in the French national theater 18 - early. 19th centuries. - Successful rival Piero. Arlette (Arletty; pres. Arlette name Leonie Batia, Bathiat) (1898-1992), a French actress. The most significant role played in the film directed t. N. "poetic realism", in particular M. Carney ("The day begins", 1939; "Children of Paradise", 1944). For liaison with a German officer pursued as kollaboratsionistka. In 1957, after an accident temporarily lost her eyesight. But in 1962, starred in the film "The Longest Day", but soon because of progressive blindness was forced to leave the cinema. ARLI (Arlit) (Arlit), a major uranium ore region in northwestern Niger. Major Field: Arly, Acuto, Imouraren, Tassili Ntagalge and others. In operation since 1970. The sedimentary deposits-beds of sandstone lenses are presented. The main minerals - pitchblende and coffinite. Proven reserves of uranium 210 thousand. Tonnes at an average grade of 0.22% in the ore. Production of uranium concentrates 3.10 thousand. Tons in terms of metal (1987). Arles (Arles), a city in France, in Provence, at p. Ron. 50 thousand. Inhabitants (1982). Metallurgy, chemical industry. Channel associated with the Mediterranean m. Ancient architectural monuments, the Romanesque church of St. Trophimus (main building - 10-11 cc.). ARMA, in Hittite mythology, god of the moon. Armavir, city (1914) in the Russian Federation, Krasnodar kr., At p. Kuban. Railway junction. 162.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Engineering, food, chemical, light and woodworking industry. Pedagogical Institute. Theater. Museum. Founded in 1839. Armavir, the capital and religious center of ancient states in the Great Armenia 4-2 centuries. BC. e. Based on the location Argishtikhinili. There was up to 5 in. n. e. The ruins at p. Armavir region of Armenia Hoktemberyan. Armada (Spanish. Armada - Navy squadron) (obsolete.), A great mix of concerted action ships, planes and tanks (eg., "Invincible Armada). ARMAYN Pan (Armyn Pane) (1908-70), Indonesian writer. The psychological novel "Shackles" (1940) about the intelligentsia, stories and poems. Contributed to the development of a realistic national drama (plays "Insidious dove" and "Between Heaven and Earth", both 1953). ARMAN (Arman) Fernandez (p .1928), French sculptor, member of the "New realists"; from 1958 lives and works in the United States. since 1960, creates assemblages. The most famous "Long-term parking," the 20-meter monument of the cars filled with concrete. Armand David L. (1905-76), the Russian geographer, Dr. geographical Sciences. The book "us and Our Grandchildren" (1964) - one of the first in the Russian Federation on the protection of nature. The book "The Science of the landscape" (1975). Inessa Armand (Elizabeth Feodorovna) (1874-1920), leader of the revolutionary movement. in 1917, a member of the Moscow party Committee, member of the October fighting in Moscow, Moscow Chairman of the provincial Council of National Economy (CHX). Since 1919 Head of the Women's Department of the Central Committee. In 1920 the head of the 1st International Conference of the Communist female. Armagnac and Bourguignon (Armagnacs et Bourguignons), feudal groups in France, 1st floor. 15 in., Fought among themselves for power during the reign of King Charles imbecile VI. Armagnac Armagnac headed Count, Bourguignon - Duke of Burgundy. Armatoloi (novogrech. Armatoloi, from Italian. Armato - armed man) in Greece during the Ottoman rule of the Internal Guard troops in the service of the Turkish government (created by him in the context. 17 in. From the Cleft of the peasant groups). FIXTURES (from Lat. Armatura - weapons, equipment), devices and components (valves, switches and so on. N.) Are not included in the basic equipment, but to ensure its proper operation. Distinguish pipeline fittings, electrical, heating and so on. D. VALVES reinforced concrete structures, an integral part of concrete structures (separate steel rods, welded wire mesh, frames and so on. N.), Designed to strengthen concrete. Perceives tensile (less compressive) force. Army Aviation, a component of the Air Force a number of states; designed to act directly in the interests of the combined arms formations. Divided by the assault, reconnaissance, transport and special purpose; armed aircraft and helicopters. Army Commissar 2nd, 1st rank, in 1935-42 the rank of senior military and political composition of the Red Army and Navy. ARMENIA (Armenia), a city in Colombia, adm. c. Department of Quindio. 212 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). The final destination of the Pacific railway. d. The district center of coffee production. University. ARMENIA (Republic of Armenia, Hayastany Hanrapetutyun) state in the south of the Caucasus. 29.8 thousand. Km2. The population of 3412 thousand. People (1992), urban 69.5%; Armenians (3084 thousand. man; 1989 census), Russian and others. 37 districts, 27 cities, 31 urban-type settlement (1989). Capital - Yerevan. Head of State President. Legislative body - the Supreme Council. Official language - Armenian. Armenia - a mountainous country, occupies the north-eastern part of the Armenian plateau, framed hr. M. Caucasus (highest point - Mount Aragats, 4090 m). In the south-west - intermountain Ararat plain. The climate is continental. In the foothills of the average July temperature 24-26 ° C and -5 ° C in January, rainfall is 200-400 mm per year; in mountain areas - July 18-20 ° C, in January from -2 to -14 ° C, precipitation of 500 mm. Araks River Lake. Sevan. In the mountains, deciduous forests, alpine meadows. Reserves: Dilijan and Khosrov and others. Sevan National Park. In the 9-6 centuries. BC. e. as part of the slave state of Urartu. In 6 - early. 2 centuries. BC. e. Armenian kingdom ruled by the Achaemenid and Seleucid (see. Great Armenia). C 1. BC. e. the object of the struggle between Rome and Parthia. In the 3-4 centuries. State dependent on Iran; divided between him and the Byzantine Empire. In 7-15 centuries. - Invasion of the Arabs, Byzantines, Seljuks, Mongols and Tatars, Timur. In the 16-18 centuries. divided between Iran and Turkey, people waged a liberation struggle against the Iranian-Turkish yoke. In 1805-28 eastern. Armenia joined the Russian (Erivan Province.). In November 1917, power passed to the Dashnaks, Armenia occupied the Anglo-Turkish troops. In 1920, Soviet power and formed Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Since 1922 he was part of the Transcaucasian Federation, since 1936 - directly in the USSR. In August 1990 the Armed Forces of Armenia adopted a resolution on its new name - the Republic of Armenia. September 24, 1991 Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia declared its independence. In 1988-89 there was a conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, which has grown into a large-scale military action. In the structure of gross domestic product (1990,%): 48.3 Industry, agriculture 25.7. Electricity production 9.5 billion. KW? H. (1991). Leading industries: machine building and metal working, chemical and petrochemical, non-ferrous metallurgy, building materials, in Vol. H. On the basis of mining multi-colored tuff, perlite, limestone, granite and marble. Flavoring (in Vol. H. Canning, essential oil, wine and brandy, tobacco, bottled mineral water), and light industry. Agricultural land area of 1.3 million. Ha (1990). Are important horticulture and viticulture; collection of fruits and berries 156 thousand. tons of grapes 144 thousand. t (1990). Sown area of 437 m. Ha, t. H. 32% cereals (wheat, barley), fodder crops 58%. Gross grain harvest 0.2 million. Tons (1990). Cultivate potatoes, vegetables, tobacco, geranium, sugar beets. The area of irrigated farmland 305 thousand. Ha (1990). Livestock mainly milk and meat production. The operational length of railways 640 km (1990); public roads, 7.7 thousand. km, in Vol. h. of paved 7.7 thousand. km. Pipeline network. Resorts: Arzni, Jermuk, Dilijan, Tsaghkadzor and others. Currency - dramas. ARMENIA Great, ancient state of Armenians (6 in. BC. E. - 387). Capital - Armavir, Artashat. Achaemenid satrapy; in the context. 4-3 centuries. BC. e. independent kingdom; at the turn of 3-2 centuries. ruled by the Seleucids; 189 BC. e. independent state. The flowering - 1. BC. e. (King Tigranes II). Fought with Rome, Iran, and later with the Byzantine Empire. In 387 divided between Persia and Byzantium. ARMENIA SMALL, a historical region in the upper river. Euphrates. Was part of the Hittite state, then Dr. Persia, in 322 - con. 2. BC. e. independent kingdom (capital - Ani - Kamah). Population - the ancestors of the Armenians. In the context. 2. BC. e. possession of Pontus state, later Roman Empire. In the context. 1. n. e. attached to the Great Armenia. Armenoid race, Near Eastern race, distinguished by some anthropologists as a part of the big European race for the population of Armenia, the adjacent part of Asia Minor and Syria. Characterized by abundant growth of beard for men, convex nasal bridge, flat head. ARMENOPUL Constantine (1320-80 and 1383), the Byzantine lawyer, author of "Guide to the laws, or the Hexateuch." ARMENPRESS news agency of the Council of Ministers of Armenia. Founded in 1922 as a branch of growth (Russian Telegraph Agency), 1925 Armenta (Telegraph Agency of Armenia). Present name since 1971. The exchange of text and photo information with foreign authorities print, radio and other. "Armenfilm" them. Bek-Nazarov, studio feature films in Yerevan (founded in 1923). Among the films "Pepo" (1935), "Personally Known" (1958), "Saroyan Brothers" (1968), "Nahapet" (1977), "Snowdrops and Edelweiss" (1982), "Lonely Oreshina" (1986) "Three of us" (1987), "The Thirteenth Apostle" (1988). Armenyan (pres. Fam. Ipekyan) Armen Nuridzhanovich (1871-1965), actor and director, People's Artist of Armenia (1935). On stage since 1891, since 1935 in the Armenian Theater. Mravyan (Leninakan). Armin, a union of tribes in the context. 7. BC. e. Urartu. Played a major role in the formation of ethnic Armenians. Armin (Arminius) (18 or 16 BC. E. - 19 or 21 BC. E.), Leader of the German tribe Cherusci. In the 9th district. e. defeated the Roman army commander Varus Varus. Armin (Arminius), Jacob (1560-1609), a Dutch Protestant minister and theologian, professor at Leiden (1603). Criticized the Calvinist doctrine of predestination, initiating the movement of the Arminians, or Remonstrants. REINFORCEMENT (from Lat. Armo - equips, supplies), strengthening of the material or parts of the structure elements (valves) from another, more durable material (eg., Concrete reinforcement steel bars in the manufacture of reinforced concrete). Reinforced plastics, plastics (eg., Fiberglass, asboplastiki, textolites, CFRP), containing as reinforcing filler fibrous materials - monofilament strands, fabrics, paper, wood veneer. ARMY (from Lat. Armo - equips), 1) the collection of the armed forces of the state. 2) Land Forces, in contrast to the Navy. 3) Surgical Association, consisting of several compounds and parts of different types of troops and special forces. Are combined arms, tank, air and other armies. Home Army (Polish. Armia Krajowa - Patriotic Army), in 1942-45 under the authority of the Polish Government in Exile in occupied Poland by Nazi Germany. Leaders of the Home Army was organized and began the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Armia Ludowa (Pol. Armia Ludowa - People's Army), founded January 1, 1944 as a result of the reorganization of the People's Guard, acting under the direction of Craiova Rada Narodowej in occupied Poland by Nazi Germany. In July 1944, combined with the 1st Polish Army in the Polish Army. Armco iron (ARMCO - abbreviation for the US firm American Rollin Mill Corporation), commercially pure iron. A large magnetic permeability, increased electrical conductivity, high plasticity, corrosion resistance. Used in electrical machine and metallurgy. Reinforced masonry structures, building construction, made of reinforced (eg., Steel rods) masonry. The most common reinforced construction - floors, columns, piers. Armorican Massif, on the north-west of France, in Normandy and Brittany Peninsula. Height up to 384 m. Armstrong (Armstrong) Henry Edward (1848-1937), English chemist, foreign honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932). Proceedings of the theoretical problems of chemistry, patience, enzymes and others. ARMSTRONG Louis Daniel (1901-71) was an American jazz trumpeter and singer, actor. Negro. Organizer jazz ensembles (in Vol. H. Sextet "All-Star"). Songwriter. Created performing style, featuring improvisational freedom of interpretation of popular tunes, based on the traditions of jazz and blues. ARMSTRONG Neil (b. 1930), US astronaut. Flying on "Gemini 8" (March 1966). In July 1969 the commander of "Apollo 11", operates flights to the Moon. The first man to walk on the Moon (21 July 1969). ARMSTRONG Edwin Huard (1890-1954), American radio technician. Developed a regenerative circuit (1913), superheterodyne (1918) and superregenerativnyh (1921) radios. Show the advantages of frequency modulation in the fight against radio interference. 's Coat (Turk.) .. 1) the top Dolgopolov swing clothes - robe of coarse woolen cloth or household cloth; were last Russian peasants; .. 2)'s coat, or armyachina, ABBA, manufactures Tatars, Kazakhs, Mongols. Armenians (self - hi), the people, the general population of Armenia (3.08 million. Man, 1992). They also live in the Russian Federation (532 thousand. People), Georgia (437 thousand. People); United States (700 thousand. People), France (270 thousand. People), Iran (200 thousand. People), Syria (170 thousand. People), Nagorno-Karabakh (146 thousand. People), Libya and Turkey (150 thousand. Man ), and others. The total number of 6,550,000. man. Armenian language. Believers Armenians mostly Christians monofisitov. Armenian Apostolic Church is one of the oldest Christian churches. Bishop Gregory founded in 301. In the dogmatic cult and close relationship to the Orthodox Church, but a follower monofisitstva. Headed by the Supreme Patriarch-Catholicos of All Armenians, his residence in Echmiadzin. Armenian Encyclopedia (ASE), the first universal encyclopedia in the Armenian language. It was released in 1974-87 in 13 vols. (13th - is dedicated to the Armenian SSR) chief editorial ASE. Chairman of Editorial Board - VA Ambartsumian, editor in chief - KS Khudaverdyan. Armenian Pedagogical Institute. Abovyan, founded in 1922 on the basis of the Pedagogical Faculty of Yerevan University. Preparing teachers of secondary schools, educators, kultprosvetrabotnikov et al. 1991 approx. 6 thousand. Students. ARMENIAN brand, the eastern part of the Taurus Mountains in Turkey. Length approx. 600 km. Height up to 3090 m. Armenian theater them. Sundukian, Drama, established in Yerevan in 1921. From 1960 Academic. Armenian Opera and Ballet Theatre. AA Spendiarova opened in Yerevan in 1933. From 1956 Academic. Performances in Armenian and Russian languages. Armenian, a separate branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The official language of Armenia. Alphabet created by Mesrop Mashtots in the beginning. 5. Armenian Plateau in Turkey (the majority), Iran, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Ok. 400 thousand. Km2. Height up to 5165 m (Mount Ararat B.). The combination of lava plateau with individual volcanic cones and fold-block ranges. Tectonic depressions often occupied by lakes (Van, Sevan, Urmia). Mountain steppes and semi-deserts. Armenian letters, type the letter sound, used by Armenians (in Armenia and abroad). Created in the beginning. 5. Mesrop Mashtots with some of the principles of Greek letters and possibly north-Aramaic. Read from left to right. Arnaldo DE Vilanova (Arnaldo de Vilanova) (c. 1240 - c. 1310), a Spanish physician, alchemist, philosopher. The representative of the medical school of Salerno (Italy) and Montpellier (France). The author of many works and poems, "Salerno Health Code" (1st edition 1480, by 1970 ST. 300 editions in many languages). Persecuted by the Inquisition. Arnarson (Arnarson) Ingolfr, Norway, the first settler in Iceland, landed approx. 874 on the southwest coast of the island. Arnd (Arnd) Johann (1555-1621), a Protestant pastor, writer and theologian, the predecessor of pietism. The author works "The true Christianity" has been gaining popularity and translated into almost all European languages. Arndt (Arndt), Ernst Moritz (1769-1860), German poet, essayist and historian. Patriotic lyrics and political journalism contributed to the growth of national consciousness of the German people. Arnhem (Arnhem), a city in the Netherlands, adm. c. prov. Gelderland. 132 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Port on the Rhine. Engineering, chemical, pharmaceutical, leather industry. Dutch Open Air Museum. Near Arnhem - Kröller-Müller Museum (with pictures of V. Van Gogh). Gothic church of Sint-Esebiuskerk (15-16 cc.); "House of the Devil" (19 in. - Town Hall, 16 in.). The provincial administration (1954-55). Arnhem Land (Arnhemland), a peninsula in northern Australia. Height up to 400 m. Eucalyptus forests and savannas. Uranoradievyh ore deposits (Rum Jungle). In the north-west - Port Darwin. Arnica genus of perennial herbs of the family Asteraceae. St. 30 species, mainly in the North. America and Eurasia. Some species are used in medicine as a choleretic and hemostatic agents. Arnica montana - rare, protected. Arnim (Arnim) Bettina von (née Brentano) (1785-1859), German writer. The author of the autobiographical epistolary novel "Goethe Correspondence with the child" (1835). Arnim (Arnim) Ludwig Achim von (1781-1831), the German romantic writer. Novels, short stories, a collection of folk songs "Knaben Wunderhorn" (1806-08, published jointly with K. Brentano). ARNO (Arno), a river in Italy. 248 km catchment area of 8.5 thousand. Km2. Start in the Apennines, flows into the Ligurian m. The average discharge of 138 m3 / s. Floods. Shipping. Arnault - years. Florence and Pisa. ARNO (Arnauld) Antoine (1612-94), "The Great Arno", French theologian and philosopher, priest (1641). Supervised Jansenist community of Port-Royal, in a polemic with the Jesuits defended the idea of Jansenism. The author of "Logic" (with P. Nicol) and "general and rational grammar" (with K. Lanslo). Arnobius (Arnobius) (con. 3 - beg. 4 in.), Christian Latin writer. Was a teacher of rhetoric in the African city of Sikka in Numidia, after conversion to Christianity wrote apologetic treatise in 7 books critical of pagan religious beliefs. Arnold (Arnold) Matthew (1822-88), English poet, teacher and critic. Dispelling the myth of "Victorian prosperity": a poem, a collection of "Lost roisterer" (1849), an essay "Culture and Anarchy" (1869); emphasized the educational role of literature. Argued socio-historical analysis of the English literary criticism. Of Arnold of Brescia (Arnaudo da Brescia) (c. 1100 - c. 1155), a religious reformer and political activist, Canon. Probably came from Brescia (Italy), studied in Paris with Abelard. Led the republican movement in Rome. Executed. ARNOLD Vladimir Ignat'evich (b. 1937), Russian mathematician, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1990). Major works on the theory of differential equations, in particular for dynamic systems. Lenin Prize (1965). ARNOLD Fyodor Karlovich (1819-1902), the Russian forester. Works on the history of forestry, forest inventory, author of the book "Russian Forest" (vols. 1-3, 1890-91, 2 vols, 1893-99). Vladimir Mitrofanovich Arnold (1871-1924), a Russian botanist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1923). Works on the morphology and systematics of green algae and gymnosperms. Author of the first Russian manual on algology "Introduction to the study of lower organisms" (1901). ARNOLDSON (Arnoldson) Klas (1844-1916), a Swedish journalist. Editor of several periodicals covering the problems of the world. One of the founders in 1883 of the Swedish Union of peace and arbitration. He played for Sweden's neutrality in international relations. The Nobel Peace Prize (1908, together with F. Bayer). ARNOLDSON (Arnoldson) Sigrid (1861-1943), Swedish singer (lyric coloratura soprano). Soloist of the largest theaters in the world. Party classical repertoire. In 1922-38 she taught at Vienna. Arnolfo di Cambio (Arnolfo di Cambio) (c. 1245 - before 1310) was an Italian sculptor and architect. The representative Protorenessansa. Deeply apprehended antiquity, endowed the images of spiritual power, clarity plastic (the tomb of Cardinal de Bray, the church of San Domenico in Orvieto, c. 1282). Arnstadt (Arnstadt), a city in Germany, Thuringia, in the upper river. Hera. 30.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1988). Machinery, leather industry. Arnshtam Leo Oskarovich (1905-79), the Russian film director and screenwriter, People's Artist of Russia (1969). Movies: "Friends" (1936), "Zoe" (1944), "History Lesson" (1957, a joint Soviet-Bulgarian), "Sophia Perovskaya" (1968) and others. USSR State Prize (1946, 1947).
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