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Alba Longa (Alba Longa), an ancient city to the south-east of Rome. According to legend, founded approx. 1152 BC. e. In the beginning. 1st millennium. Center of the Latin Union; 7 in. BC. e. destroyed by the Romans. Albani Valerian Ivanovich (1881-1919), navigator Russian Arctic expedition GL Brusilov on the schooner "St. Anne" (1912-14). Retain an extract from the ship's log as missing expedition. Albacete (Albacete), a city in Spain, in the region. Murcia, the administrative center prov. Albacete. 129 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Historic production knives. Winemaking. Chemical, leather, cement industry. "Albatross", Aircraft Company of Germany. Founded in 1909, became the first supplier of aviation equipment for the armed forces of Germany. In total, the firm created more than 100 aircraft models. In 1931 factories "Albatross" moved to "Focke-Wulf". Albatross, the family of oceanic birds of the order petrels. Length 1.5 m, wings span up to 4.25 m. Highly developed ability to gliding flight. 13 species in the tropics and subtropics, mainly in the southern hemisphere, a few species - in the North Pacific approx. Nest in colonies on oceanic islands. Numbers of some species is reduced. Short-tailed albatross is extremely rare. ALBEDO (from pozdnelat. Albedo - white), the quantity that characterizes the ability of a surface to reflect the incident flux of electromagnetic radiation or particles. Albedo is the ratio of the reflected flux to the incident. In astronomy, an important characteristic of the planets and others. Solar system bodies. Albeniz (Albeniz), Isaac (1860-1909), Spanish composer and pianist. Among the works - "Spanish Suite" (1886), "Spain" (1890), "Iberia" (1908) for piano, symphonic suite "Catalonia" zarzuela. ALBERT (d'Albert) Eugene d '(1864-1932), German pianist (a pupil of Liszt), composer. French in origin. Opera "The Valley" (1903) and others. Albertville (Albertville), the name of Kalemie in Zaire until 1968. Albertville (Albertville), the city in eastern France, near the confluence of rivers. Isère and Arly. 18 thousand. Inhabitants (1982). Electrometallurgy. XVI Olympic Winter Games (1992). Alberdi (Alberdi) Juan Bautista (1810-84), the Argentine political and social activist, philosopher, writer and economist. Together with E. Echeverria participated in the creation of a secret society to organize the struggle against the dictatorship of JM Rosas. In 1839-52 in exile, then the diplomatic service. Author of "war crimes" (Russian translation 1960), protest against militarism. Albers (Albers), Joseph (1888-1979), German and American artists. Master of geometric abstract art in its most pure and strict form. Worked since 1933 in the United States. Joined the tradition of "Bauhaus" with the US Post-painterly abstraction. ALBERT (Albert), the name of the lake. Mobutu Sese Seko in Africa until 1973. ALBERT I (Albert) (1875-1934), King of the Belgians from 1909. Albert I von Appeldern (Albert) (12-13 cc.), Bishop of Riga (1199-1229), extended Christianity in Livonia, founder of the Order of the "brothers of Christ chivalry" (the Sword) (1202). ALBERT II (p. 1934), King of the Belgians from 1993, Saxe-Coburg of the dynasty. Son of Leopold III. Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus), Albert von Bolshtedt (c. 1193-1280), German philosopher and theologian, representative of scholasticism, a Dominican. Began restructuring and encyclopedic systematization of Catholic theology based on Aristotelian completed by his pupil Thomas Aquinas. He taught at Cologne and Paris. Treatises on minerals, plants, animals, and others. ALBERT (Alberta), 1) Province in southwestern Canada. 661.2 thousand. Km2. The population of 2.5 million. People (1991). Adm. c. - Edmonton. 2) Coal Basin in Canada. Developed with Ser. 19 in. Area St. 250 thousand. Km2. Stocks of approx. 228 million. T. Production approx. 54400000. M (1988) open way. ALBERTI (Alberti) Leon Battista (1404-72), an Italian scientist, architect, art theorist early Renaissance. Theoretical treatises ("The statue", 1435, "On Painting", 1435-36, "On Architecture", published in 1485) summarized the experience of contemporary art and humanistic science in the study of ancient heritage. The architecture used the ancient order system (the church of Sant'Andrea in Mantua, 1472-94, Rucellai Palace in Florence, 1446-51) .ALBERTI (Alberti) Leon Battista (February 18, 1404, Genoa - April 1472, Rome) was an Italian humanist, philosopher, architect, artist, theorist iskusstva.Rodilsya noble Florentine family in exile. He studied at the famous humanist Gasparini yes Bartsitstsa in Padua, then in Bologna Francesco Filelfo and the University, after which he became a doctor of canon and civil law. Several years he served in the church hierarchy, and with the 1432 and the end of life ranked abbreviatora (a kind of notary) at the papal kurii.Literator and architect Alberti's literary heritage is very diverse: 1425 refers to the comedy "Filodoks" (1890), and then were written treatises "Deifira" (1481) and "On the benefits and burdens of doing science" (1890); the first three books of the "About Family" (1844), composed in 1432-1434, in 1440 and in 1441 it added to another; in 1435 composed his treatise "On the statue" (1568) and "On Painting" (1540), much later, in 1449, created the "Ten Books on Architecture" (1485); between 1434 and 1443 appeared his treatise "On the Right" (1890) and "High Priest," "Life of St. Potito" (1568), Dialogues "Teodzhenio" (1490) and "The tranquility of the soul" (1844); written after 1443 allegorical treatise "Mom, or of the emperor" (1520), in 1449 - "Mathematical games" (1568); the most significant works of the years include "Table Talk" (1890) and "Domostroy" (1848). According to the project Alberti in 1446-51 B. Rossellino palazzo built Ruchellani - a new type of house-palazzo facades in the church of San Francesco in Rimini and San Andrea in Mantua Alberti used motifs of ancient Roman architecture (triumphal arches and arcades) .Krug classes and hobbies Although most of his life Alberti held in Rome and other Italian cities, and only occasionally dropped in Florence, it is exposed to pulses of cultural and artistic environment of the city formed his worldview, increasingly expanded the range of his activities and hobbies. A man of diverse talents and wide culture, Alberti is primarily known as a prominent theorist of art and architecture; At the same time, he and architect practitioner, author of the famous architectural projects, engaged in painting, sculpture and other art forms, not just fine - he was well versed in music and enjoyed playing the organ. As a writer and humanist equally attracted his attention, and the life of society, and the foundations of family relations and human problems, and principles of management, and ethics, politics, law, and psychology. He showed great knowledge in mathematics, optics, mechanics, conceived and designed various instruments and tools, devoted special works to eliminate valuable breeds of horses, the mysteries of the female toilets, ciphers, graphology. By becoming this inclusiveness of interests and creative aspirations person Alberti itself, emblematic for the whole of Renaissance humanism. Immense hard work and perseverance he achieved extraordinary success in physical training and military exercises, perfectly mastered the any branch of science and art, formed his moral character, hard to cultivate kindness, courtesy, generosity, restraint - such contemporaries have already become a legend , he chronicled in his biography 15., the authorship of which is not without reason attributed to the same Alberti. Compositions: The Ten Books on Architecture. M., 1935. T. 1-2.Religiya. Virtue. Rock and fortune // Compositions of the Italian humanists of the Renaissance (XV century). M., 1985. S. 152-161.O family // Experience millennium. M., 1996. S. 362-411.Alberti LB Opere volgari. Bari, 1960-1973. V. 1-3.Literatura: Leon Battista Alberti. M., 1977.Mancini G. Vita di Leon Battista Alberti. Roma, 1911.Gadol J. Leon Battista Alberti. Universal man of the early Renaissance. Chicago; London, 1969.O. F. Kudryavtsev ALBERTI (Alberti) Raphael (b. 1902), Spanish poet. Anti-fascist and revolutionary poems (collections of "Stanzas Juan Panadero", 1949; "Poems of exile and of hope", 1976), anti-war "Ballads and Songs of Paraná River" (1954), a lyrical collection "Poems of Love" (1967), the poetic cycle "On Painting "(2nd ed., 1968), the play" Night of war in the Prado Museum "(1956), a book of memoirs," The Lost grove "(1959)," Pablo Picasso "(1977). International Lenin Prize (1965). Albertina (Albertina), the graphic collection in Vienna: drawings, miniatures, posters, prints, lithographs Western European masters. Founded in 1776 as a collection of Duke Albert. Albert Canal (Albert Kanaal), in Belgium, connects pp. Maas (in Liege) and Scheldt (in Antwerp). Opened in 1939. The length of approx. 130 km. Albigensian War 1209-29, taken at the initiative of the papacy crusades north of the French knights in the south of France against the Albigenses. At the end of the war to the Crusaders joined with his troops and the French King Louis VIII. Albigenses were defeated and annexed to the royal domain of the county of Toulouse. Albigenses, participants heretical movement in South. France 12-13 cc., The adherents of the teachings of the Cathars. Opposed the dogmas of the Catholic Church, church lands and tithes. By Albigenses joined part of the local nobility. Ecumenical Council condemned in 1215, defeated in the Albigensian wars. Albino (Ser. 2 in.), The ancient Platonic philosopher, who wrote in Greek. Taught in Smyrna, author of "Textbook of Platonic philosophy" - one of the most complete exposition of the philosophy of Plato during the Middle Platonism. Albini (Albini) Franco (1905-1977), an Italian architect. Buildings of the 1930s. laconic simplicity of details and clean lines (villa in Milan, 1938). In the 1960-70s. - Rationally (domestic hot baths, Italy, 1967). Also engaged in the restoration and construction of museum buildings (the reconstruction of Renaissance palaces, the new museum building Tesoro di San Lorenzo in Genoa, 1952). Albinism (from Latin. Albus - white), congenital absence of pigmentation of the skin, hair and iris in humans and animals; plants - no green color. Organism, devoid of color, called an albino. ALBION (Albion), the name of the British Isles, known to the ancient Greeks. Albizu CAMPOS (Albizu Campos) Pedro (1893-1965), one of the leaders of the movement for the independence of Puerto Rico; 1930 Chairman of the Nationalist Party. Alba (from Lat. Albus - white), rock-forming mineral groups plagioclase, Na [AlSi3O8]. White, yellow, pink crystals; aggregates. Part of the twin. The hardness of 6-6.5; density approx. 2.6 g / cm3. Ceramic raw materials. Albitophyre, Volcanic rock, paleotipny analogue andesite, consisting mainly of albite. Albitius, genus of trees and shrubs of the legume family. Approx. 125 species in the tropics, subtropics, mainly the Eastern Hemisphere. T. n. silk tree - an ornamental plant. Some Albitius valuable wood and rich tannins bark. Albizzi (Albizzi), a Florentine family, whose members held a 13 - 1 st floor. 15th centuries. the highest public office in Florence; competed with native Medici. Album Michael Nilovich (1851-1911), Russian writer. Psychology and bytopisatelstvo In the story "The day total" (1879), "An unknown Street" (1881), "The End of the Unknown Street" (1882), the novel "cassock" (1883). In the trilogy, "The Day of da night" ("Tosca", 1890; "Orphan", 1901; "Glafirina secret", 1903) - the drama of the existence of the townsfolk, chained monotony of everyday life. ALBUM (from the French. Album), 1) twisted sheets for drawing, autographs collections. 2) Collection of prints, photographs, drawings, and so on. N., Published in book form, often with explanatory text. "NORTHERN MUSIC ALBUM" Russian literary almanac, published in St. Petersburg in 1828 AI Ivanovo. Printed works of Pushkin, PA Vyazemsky, NM Yazikova, I. Kozlov et al. Albrecht of Brandenburg (Albrecht von Brandenburg) (1490-1568), the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (with con. 1510 ); in 1525, turning the land into a secular duchy Order, became the first Duke of Prussia. Albert the Bear (c. 1100-70), German feudal lord, one of the leaders of aggression against the Polabian Slavs, which is based on the lands of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (Margrave 1150). Albrecht (Albrecht) Friedrich Rudolf (1817-95), the Austrian Archduke, Field Marshal (1863). During the Austro-Italian War of 1866 the commander of the southern army, was victorious in the battle of Custoza. ALBUQUERQUE (Albuguergue), a city in the southwest United States, pcs. New Mexico. 385 thousand. Residents (1990, with suburbs 449 thousand. Inhabitants). International Airport. A major center of research in the field of nuclear energy. Development, production of nuclear weapons. Climatic health resort; tourist center. Albumin simple globular proteins contained in egg white, blood serum, milk, and plant seeds. Used in confectionery and textile industries, as well as in medicine. ALBUNEYA in Dr. Rome is one of the Sibyls, tiburskaya Sibyl. ARELLANO Alvarado (Alvarado Arellano) Uberto (1927-74), general secretary of the Guatemalan Labor Party since 1972. The writer and publicist. Arrested and killed. MONSON Alvarado (Alvarado Monzon) Bernardo (1925-72), general secretary of the Guatemalan Labor Party since 1954. He was arrested and killed. ALVAREZ (Alvarez) Luis Walter (1911-1988), American physicist. Opened the electron capture (1938). Created the modern methods of working with bubble chambers. Opened many resonances (1960). Nobel Prize (1968). ALVARO (Alvaro) Corrado (1895-1956), Italian writer. Realistic works of peasant life: stories, the novel "The People of the Aspromonte" (1930). The novel "The brief youth" (1946); Diaries (1954, 1959). Alva (Alfven) Hannes (b. 1908), Swedish physicist and astrophysicist, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1958). Founder of magnetohydrodynamics, predicted one of the types of waves in plasma (Alfven waves). Nobel Prize (1970). Gold Medal. Lomonosov USSR Academy of Sciences (1971). Alva (Alfven) Hugo (1872-1960), Swedish composer, teacher and conductor. For the first time in the Swedish symphonic music to use national folklore. Ballets "Mountain King" (1923), "The Prodigal Son" (1957), 5 symphonies, chamber works. Alfven waves, transverse waves in plasma propagating along the magnetic field at a speed where r - the density, H - magnetic field. Named after Hannes Alfven. Alveoli (from Lat. Alveolus - cell cavity, the bubble), 1) yacheykovidny adenomere, part of the acinus. 2) vesicular formation in mammalian lung, braided network of capillaries. Through the walls of the alveoli (human lung their communication. 700 million.) Gas exchange occurs. 3) Tooth hole - hole in the jaw, which is the root of the tooth. Alveolitis 1) dental inflammation wells, usually in connection with wound infection during or after tooth extraction. 2) Inflammation of the pulmonary alveoli without defeat bronchi. Alver (Alver) Betty (pres. Name and fam. Elizabeth Lepic, Lepik) (1906-89), People's writer of Estonia (1981). The novel "The Mistress of the wind" (1927). Collection of poems "Dust and Fire" (1936), "Flying City" (1979), "Corals in the river Emajõgi" (1986). For poetry is characterized by lyrical spiritual wholeness, specific life details, the capacity of artistic images. Alvis (al., ISL. Omniscient), in Norse mythology dwarf courts to the daughter of the god Thor; in an interview with Thor Alvis gives a description of the world in the language of the gods, humans, and the inhabitants of the underworld ("Elder Edda", "Alvis Speech"). Caught dawn, the dwarf turned to stone. Alva, in Norse mythology, deities or natural perfume; on "Prose Edda" ("Vision Gylfi") are divided into the shining light Elves living in the heavenly courts, and black darkness Elves living underground. In the "Elder Edda" countered the highest gods, the Aesir. Hazen, see. Ibn al-Haytham. Alhambra palace-castle (Ser. 13 - con. 14 cc.) Near Granada (Spain). Striking example of Moorish architecture. Richly decorated rooms (two sisters, Mirador de Doraha et al.), Grouped around the Patio myrtle and patios lions. The unfinished palace of Charles V (1526). Algaecide (from Lat. Alga - seaweed, kelp and caedo - kill), chemicals from the group of herbicides to kill aquatic plants in the canals, reservoirs, and so on. N. Algology (from Lat. Alga - seaweed and ... logy) (fikologiya), Section of Botany, studying algae. "Al-GUMHURIYA" see. "Gumhuriya." ALDGELM (640-709) was an English churchman and Latin writer. The abbot of the monastery of Malmesbury, and later - Bishop Shernbornsky. The author of the collection "Mysteries". Aldebaran, a Tauri star of the 1st magnitude; red giant luminosity 150 times greater than solar. Aldehydes, organic compounds containing the aldehyde group CHO. Examples of aldehydes - formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acrolein, vanillin. Obtained by oxidation of primary alcohols et al. Methods. Used in the manufacture of polymers, organic synthesis, as fragrances. Alder (Alder), Kurt (1902-58), a German organic chemist. Developed (1928, together with O. Diels) bases diene synthesis. Nobel Prize (1950, together with O. Diels). Aldini, titles of books (c. 1100), published in 1495-1597 in Venice Aldo Manutius the Elder, his son and grandson Paolo Aldo Junior. Publishing mark - dolphin wrapped around an anchor. Aldose monosaccharide molecules which contain an aldehyde group. According to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) distinguish aldotriozu, aldotetrozy, aldopentozy, aldohexoses (eg., Glucose) and the like. D. Avg. Ketosis. Aldosterone animal and human hormone produced by the adrenal cortex (a corticosteroid); regulates the mineral metabolism in the body, mainly exchange Na +, K + and water. Aldrovandi, the genus of aquatic plants in the family insectivorous Droseraceae. When you touch the insect to pubescent leaves it tightly closed. 1 species in the inland coastal waters all climatic zones of the Eastern Hemisphere, excluding the Far North. Goossens Allende (Allende Gossens) El Salvador (1908-73), president of Chile in 1970-73; was nominated by the block of National Unity. One of the organizers (1933) and leader of the Socialist Party of Chile in 1939-42 Minister of Health, 1945, Senator (Senate President in 1966-69). International Lenin Prize (1973). Killed during a military coup. ALI, d'Ailly (d'Ailly), Pierre (1350-1420), French theologian and church leader, chancellor of the University of Paris, bishop of Cambrai, Cardinal. Was the papal legate under Emperor Sigismund. Member of Padua and the Council of Constance, which helped overcome the division of the Western Church. Written comments to the "Sentences" of Peter Lombard, held nominalist William of Ockham direction. Alcabala (from Arab. Al-bondage - the collection), the tax on commercial transactions in Spain (12 in. - 1845) and its colonies (2nd floor. 16 - beg. 19th c.). Introduction alkabaly in 1571 in the Netherlands (historical) was one of the reasons for a general uprising in 1572 in the north. The mayor (Spanish. Alcalde, from Arabic. Al-Qadi - judge), 1) in medieval Spain official, perform administrative functions in the provinces. 2) In modern Spain and some countries of Latin America, the head of the city administration. ALKLED (from aluminum and English. Clad - covered), semi-finished product (sheet, pipes) made of aluminum alloy, coated on both sides for protection against corrosion layer of high-purity aluminum or others. Aluminum alloy. Alcoy (fr. Alcove), a niche in the wall to the bed. ALKOR, g the Big Dipper, the star of the 4th magnitude, amounting to double star Mizar (physical pair with an angular distance of 11.8 '); in acute vision both stars visible to the naked eye. ALMA, a river in the Crimea. 83 km. Flows through the Crimean hunting reserves, flows into the Black m. During the Crimean War of 1853-56 the Alma Russian troops were defeated by the Anglo-Franco-Turkish troops (09/20/1854). Almagro (Almagro) Diego de (1470? -1538), A Spanish conquistador. Organized two expeditions along the west coast of the South. America in 1524-26; member of the conquest of Peru (1533), led the campaign in Chile (1535-36). Almada (Almaden), mercury deposit in Spain (prov. Ciudad Real, new. Castile), the largest in the world. Volcanic-hydrothermal. The length of the ore-bearing area of approx. 20 km. Developed with 4 in. BC. e. Total reserves of 40 kyr. t Hg content in ore at 0.5-1.5%. Underground mining 0.34 thousand. T of Hg (1985). Production center - of Almaden. Almada (Almadies), Cape Peninsula to Cape Verde; the westernmost point of Africa (17 ° 32 'i. e., 14 ° 45'. m.). ALMA MATER (lat. Alma mater, letters. - Are breast-feeding), the ancient name of university student (giving "spiritual food"). Alman (Ahlmann) Hans (1889-1974), Swedish glaciologist and physical geography. Member of the expedition to Svalbard (1931, 1934), Iceland (1936-38), Greenland (1939-40). Long-term glaciological studies in Scandinavia (conditions for the occurrence of glaciers and their power). ALMANAC (from Arab. Al-manaḥ - calendar), 1) non-periodic collection of information, entertaining or reference, often thematic (eg., A children's geographical Almanac "Globe"). 2) Collection of literary works, united by some criterion (thematic, genre, regional). Almandine, garnet mineral group, Fe3Al2 [SiO4] 3. Red, purple-red, brown crystals, solid mass. The hardness of 7-7.5; the density of 3.8-4.3 g / cm3. In mica schists, granitic pegmatites, granites. The abrasive material; transparent, beautifully colored crystals - precious stones. Al Mansouri, see. Mansour. Pedro Bonifacio Palacios (Almafuerte) (pres. The name of Pedro Bonifacio Palacios) (1854-1917), the Argentine poet. The representative of the late romanticism, the author of the godless sonnets and poems (the book "broken", 1906, et al.). Common land [it. Allmende, from Wed-verh.-it. al (ge) meinde - that belongs to all], in the early feudal Zap. Europe lands that are in common use in the community. With the development of feudal lords Common land seized. ALMERIA (Almeria), the city and port in Spain, in the authors. region. Andalusia, the administrative center prov. Almeria. 15.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Vegetable oil, leather and footwear, pulp and paper, cement industry; winemaking, production of musical instruments. The ruins of an Arab fortress (8-11 cc.) Cathedral (15 c., Rebuilt in the 16th century.). Almetyevsk, city (1953) in the Russian Federation, Tatarstan, at p. Zai. 133 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Oil and gas. Manufacture of machinery and equipment for the oil industry; plants: wood, concrete structures and others. The starting point of the pipeline "Druzhba". Theater. Almqvist (Almquist) Carl Jonas Louvet (1793-1866), Swedish writer. The novel "The Jewel of the Queen" (1834) in the spirit of Romanticism, socio-critical novel, "It'll do!" (1839), a realistic story of peasant life "Mill in Shelnure" (1838). Pedro Almodovar (Almodovar; pres. Calzada de Calatrava name, Calzada de Calatrava) (p. 1951), Spanish screenwriter, director, actor and composer. Postmodernist, the spokesman of ideology generation, which was released to the fore after the fall of the Franco regime in 1975. The career began in the theater group "Los Golyardos." In the movie, inherited the tradition of LG Berlanga and L. Buñuel. World fame brought him a "black" comedy "Women on the Edge of a Nervous Breakdown" (1988), the success of the films were "High Heels" (1991), "Kika" (1993) and others. Almoravids, the name of the dynasty and the state in the North. Africa (1050-1146). By 1090 the government included Morocco, Zap. Algeria, Zap. Sugar, Muslim Spain, Balearic Islands. State Almohad Almoravids destroyed. Almohad, the name of the dynasty and the state in the North. Africa (1146-1269). State Almohades formed in the fight against the Almoravids. The greatest territorial expansion to 1161 when Abd al-Mu'min. Disintegration of the state began during the Reconquista. Almucantar (Ar.), A small circle of the celestial sphere parallel to the horizon. Alpaca, silk thin dense fabric with a smooth matte and shiny background pattern in the form of flowers or geometric shapes. Used for lining and as a dress fabrics. Alpaca, domestic cloven-hoofed animals kind lamas; guanaco and vicuna hybrid. Bred in the alpine zone of Peru and Bolivia (valuable wool). Alpari (ital. Al pari, letters. - Par), the relevant exchange (market) rate securities or currencies of their nominal (par). Alpari (Alpari) Gyula (1882-1944), a Hungarian politician. Member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Hungary, was a member of the Government of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, after its suppression - in exile, edited publication of the Comintern. In 1940 in Paris, captured by the Gestapo. Died in Sachsenhausen. ALPEROVY family Russian circus performers - clowns. Sergei Sergeyevich (1859-1923) - White clown performed a duet with Bernardo (Red Clown), from 1910 he worked with his son Dmitry Sergeyevich (1895-1948). Alpert Maxim Vladimirovich (1895-1980), the Russian master of photography. One of the pioneers of Russian serial photography. ALPINE RACE (Celtic), stands some anthropologists as part of the European race for the population of some mountain areas of Europe (Switzerland and adjacent areas of France, Germany, Austria and Italy). Characterized brahikefaliya, broad face, dark eyes and hair. Alpine vegetation, common in the mountains (2000-3500 m above sea level). Low-grass carpet meadows (grasses, sedges, primrose and others.), Thickets of shrubs (rhododendrons, blueberries, etc..). Used as summer pastures.
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