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BELLINI (Bellini) Vincenzo (1801-35) was an Italian composer. The representative of the Romantic movement, promoted the development of the art of bel canto. Opera "La Sonnambula", "Normal" (both 1831), "The Puritans" (1835) and others. Bellingshausen, the first Russian polar station (1968) off the coast of West. Antarctica about. King George (Waterloo), in architect. South. Shetland Islands. Named for FFBellinsgauzena. BELLINGSHAUSEN Fabian Gottlieb (1778-1852), a Russian explorer, Admiral (1843). Member of the 1 st Russian circumnavigation 1803-06. In 1819-21 the head of the 1st Russian Antarctic (round the world) expedition on the sloops "Vostok" and "Peace", opened in January 1820 Antarctica and several islands in the Atlantic and Pacific okeanah.BELLINSGAUZEN Fabian Gottlieb (Fabian Gottlieb) [9 (20) September 1778, Lahetaguze island Ezel, Estonia - 13 (25) January 1852, Kronstadt] Russian navigator, double obognuvshy Earth discoverer Antarktidy.Nachalo way childhood in the family estate Pilguse, on the Baltic island of Saaremaa Island (now - Saaremaa). In 1789 he entered the Bellingshausen Sea Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. After his graduation in 1797 six years sailed the Baltic Sea in ships Revel squadron. Love of science was seen commander of the port of Kronstadt who recommended the Bellingshausen Ivan Krusenstern, under whose leadership in 1803-06 Bellingshausen made the first circumnavigation on the ship "Hope" by doing almost all the cards included in the "Atlas of a trip around the world of Captain Krusenstern" .Otkrytie Antarctica In June 1819 captain of the 2nd rank Bellingshausen was appointed commander of three-masted sailing sloop "East" and head of the expedition to search for the sixth continent, organized with the approval of Alexander I. captain second sloop "Peace" was determined by the young lieutenant Mikhail Lazarev. July 4, 1819 the court came from Kronstadt. January 16, 1820 ships of the Bellingshausen and Lazarev near Beach Princess Martha came to the unknown "ice floe mainland." This dates back to the opening day of Antarctica. Three more times this summer they crossed the Antarctic Circle, in early February again approached in Antarctica Princess Astrid Coast, but due to the snowy weather could not see him well. In March, when sailing off the coast of the mainland due to accumulation of ice has become impossible, the court by agreement parted to meet in Port Jackson (now - Sydney). Bellingshausen and Lazarev went there by different routes. Were made accurate shooting Tuamotu Archipelago, found a number of inhabited atolls, including the island of Russians. In November 1820 a second ship headed to Antarctica, rounding it from the Pacific Ocean. Were discovered island Shishkov Mordvinova, Peter I, Alexander I. Land January 30, when it became clear that the sloop "East" has sprung a leak, Bellingshausen turned north and across the Rio de Janeiro and Lisbon July 24, 1821 arrived in Kronstadt, completing his second circumnavigation. Members of the expedition spent at sea 751 days have passed more than 92 thousand. Km. Was opened on 29 islands and coral 1 rif.Dalneyshaya fate On his return from the Antarctic "Around the World" Bellingshausen two years commanded a naval crew, he held three staff positions, in 1826 led the fleet in the Mediterranean, participated in the siege and storming of Varna. In 1831-38 led the naval division in the Baltic, from 1839 until the death was the military governor of Kronstadt, and in the summer voyages annually appointed commander of the Baltic Fleet. In 1843 received the rank of admiral. Bellingshausen did much to strengthen and improvement of Kronstadt; fatherly care of subordinates, ensuring better nutrition sailors; founded marine library. Biographers Bellingshausen noted his kindness and equanimity: the presence of mind as he kept under the enemy's fire, and in the struggle against the elements. Bellingshausen was married and had four daughters. Died in Kronstadt, where in 1869 he was a monument. His name is given to the sea in the Pacific and Oceanic basin glacier in Antarctica and the Antarctic Station, a cape on the island of Sakhalin and the three islands. Compositions: Two-time research in the Southern Arctic Ocean and swimming around the world during 1819, 1820, and 1821's committed in the sloops "Vostok" and "Peace" ... (1831, 1949, 1960) .Literatura: NN Zubov Domestic navigators - researchers seas and oceans. M., 1954. Ch. 4, Sec. 7.Magidovich IP, Magidovich VI Essays on the History geograficheskihotkryty. M., 1985. T. 4, Ch. 2.B. I. Magidovich Bellingshausen Basin, Oceanic basin in the southeast Pacific approx. Between the continental slopes of Antarctica, South. America and the Pacific Yuzh., Vost.-Pacific and the Chilean raised. Depth up to 5399 m. It is named after FFBellinsgauzena. Bellingshausen Sea (marginal sea) Quiet ok., Near Antarctica, between the p-ovami Antarctic and Thurston. 487 thousand. Km2. Depth up to 4115 m. The salinity of 33,5 ‰. The larger islands - Peter I and Alexander I. Land Most of the year is covered with floating ice and icebergs. Named for FFBellinsgauzena. Monitorial System, the same as mutual learning. BELLO (Belleau) Remy (1528-77), French poet. The representative of the range of "Pleiades". Translations of Anacreon, transcriptions of the Bible ("Complaints", published in 1610). Latin burlesque poem "poetic word war Huguenots" (1574), a collection of poems, "Pastorale" (Vol. 1-2, 1565-72), a book of poems allegorical "Love and the new transformation gems" (1575). Bellovaci, one of the tribes of the Belgians in the territory of North. Gaul. Belloc (Belloc) Joseph Hilaire Pierre (Ilari) (1870-1953), English politician and Catholic writer close to GK Chesterton. In verses developed a poetics of nonsense ("The Book of young animals for the bad guys," 1896). Author of the essay "about nothing" (1908), "everything" (1909), "about something" (1910), biographies of Cromwell, Robespierre, Napoleon and others. BELLOKKO (Bellocchio) Marco (p. 1939), Italian filmmaker. He made his debut as a spokesman for the moods rebellious youth of the 1960s. ("Fists in the Pocket", 1965), creating a wave t. N. "kontestatsii movie." Later he worked in the mainstream of the Italian political cinema ("On the murder - on the front page," 1976). Movies Bellokko 1980s. deeply imbued with Freudian motifs ("Leap into the Void", 1980). Bellona, in Roman mythology, the goddess of war. Depicted with a sword or whip, often in the middle of a battle, in a chariot. Bellotto (Bellotto) Bernardo (1720-80), Italian painter, etcher. The representative of the Venetian school. Foremen - Documentary precise architectural landscape (views of Venice, Dresden, Warsaw). BELLOW (Bellow) Saul (b. 1915), American writer. Novels: "Gerzag" (1964), "Mr. Sammlera Planet" (1969). The belief in spiritual values and cultural traditions and at the same time sober understanding antagonisms of modern civilization. Skepticism in the novel "The Gift of Humboldt" (1975) - Intellectual America. Collection "Slick and Other Stories" (1984) about the "eternal" themes of life, death and redemption. Nobel Prize (1976). Bellows (Bellows), George (1882-1925), American painter. A diverse and dramatic picture of US cities ("Dockers", 1912). BELL (Boll), Henry (1917-85), German writer. In the novel "Where were you, Adam? (1951)," And Never Said a Word "(1953)," Billiards at Half-past Nine "(1959)," The Clown "(1963), the novel" Bread of early years' (1955), the stories of the severity of the ethical issues (moral opposition to social evil), supported by the Catholic orientation Bell, depth psychological analysis, lyricism combined with a sharp, sometimes caustic social criticism, in Vol. h. the anti-fascist and anti-war (novel about the historical fate of postwar Germany "Group portrait of a lady ", 1971, with elements of the grotesque). The political novels" The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum ... (1974), "Women at the banks of the Rhine" (1985). Nobel Prize (1972). Beloborodov Alexander G. (1891-1938), politician. Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Ural Regional Council in 1918; signed the decision of the Council on the execution of Nicholas II and his family. In the 1923-27 People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Athanasius Beloborodov Pavlantevich (1903-90), General of the Army (1963), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945). In World War II commander of the infantry divisions and corps, since 1944 the commander of the army. In 1957-63 Chief of the Staff of the Ministry of Defence. In 1963-68 commander of the Moscow VO. Beloborodov Ivan N. (? - 1774), a companion and closest adviser EI Pugachev, a retired soldier. Led a revolt in the factories of the Urals, has played a major role in the capture of Kazan. Executed. Common dolphins (common dolphin), a marine mammal family Delphinidae. Length of 2.6 m. The back and fins dark gray sides with white patches. In the warm and temperate waters, in Vol. H. In Black m .; fishing is prohibited. BELOBRODSKAYA culture (archeology), Slavs and Hungarians in the Center. Europe 10-12 centuries. Named after a burial ground in s. Bijelo Brdo (the former Yugoslavia). Cemeteries with burials, jewelry, weapons. Belov, Alexander Alexandrovich (1954-1978), the Russian sportsman (basketball), Honored Master of Sports (1972). Central command "Spartacus" (Leningrad, 1966-78). Olympic champion (1972, made a decisive winning shot in the final seconds of the final match against the USA, went down in history as the "gold"), the world (1974), Europe (1969 and 1971), the USSR (1975). Olympic bronze medalist (1976) and the World Cup (1970). Belov Alexander Fedorovich (1906-91), the Russian metallurgist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1972), Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). Major works on light metals and special alloys. Lenin Prize (1964), the USSR State Prize (1943, 1946, 1949). Vasily Belov (b. 1932), the Russian writer. In the novel "Eves" (1972-87), "Year of Great Change" (1989-91) as a folk understanding of collectivization tradegii. In the story "The usual thing" (1966), "Carpenter Stories" (1968) - poetry and prose of modern rural life, the history of the Russian countryside, artistic study of the national character. Cycle humorous miniatures "Bukhtin Vologda" (1969), "Lad. Essays on folk aesthetics" (a separate edition in 1982). Journalistic novel "All Ahead" (1986). USSR State Prize (1981). Belov (Below) Georg von (1858-1927), a German historian. Major works on the economic history of medieval Germany. Supporter t. N. critical areas, plays a leading role in the history of politics, law. Belov Akinfovich Gregory (1895-1965), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1956). On stage with 1917. Since 1945 the Yaroslavl Theater. Volkov. Filmed in the movies: "Michurin" and "Rimsky-Korsakov" (title role), and others. USSR State Prize (1949). Eugene A. Belov (1825-95), Russian historian. Proceedings of the Russian-German relations 18 in., Russian-Turkish wars. Belov Ivan Panfilovich (1893-1938), commander of the 1st rank (1935). In 1919, Commander of troops Turkestan Republic. In the 20-30-ies. Commander of the number of BO. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Belov Nikolai Vasilyevich (1891-1982), crystallography and geochemist, academician of the USSR (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Fundamental works on the theory of dense packing of atoms in crystals, crystal silicate mineral structures decryption method; under the guidance of St. Belova elucidate the structure. 100 silicates and their analogs. Lenin Prize (1974), the USSR State Prize (1952), Gold Medal. Lomonosov USSR Academy of Sciences (1965). Sergey Belov (b. 1944), the Russian sportsman (basketball), Honored Master of Sports (1968). Olympic champion (1972), World (1967, 1974), repeated champion of Europe and the USSR (1967-79). Since 1993, head coach of the men's national team of Russia. Sergey Belov (b. 1936), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Historical Sciences (1970). The main area of interest - the life and work of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Books: "The novel Fyodor Dostoyevsky's" Crime and Punishment. "Comment" (1979), "Romance Book searches" (1986), "The wife of the writer. Last Love Fyodor Dostoyevsky" (1986), "Fyodor Dostoevsky "(1990). Belova (Novikova) Helen D. (b. 1947), the Belarusian athlete (fencing), Honored Master of Sports (1968). Olympic champion in personal (1968) and team (1968, 1972, 1976) competitions, multiple world champion and the USSR (1969-79). Belovezhskaya Pushcha forest in Belarus and Poland, on the watershed of the Niemen, Zap. Bug and Pripyat. The total area of St. 150 thousand. Ha. In Belarus, the Brest and Grodno region. From the 13th century. Bialowieza Forest - reserved place of the prince, later royal hunting; 1940 Reserve, from 1957 reserve-hunting, 1991 National Park Belarus. The area of 87.6 thousand. Ha. In Poland national park. The main protected object - bison. Boled forests, hornbeam-oak forests, alder. Belov, a town (since 1938) in the Russian Federation, Kemerovo region., In Kuzbass, on p. Bachata. Railway station. 92.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plants: Zinc, "Kuzbassradio", casting and mechanical. Enterprises of light and the meat and dairy industries. TPP. Known since 1726. Belovodskoe hierarchy Old Believers Church in popovtsev. Founded in the 70s. 19 in. Name of Belovodye. Had supporters in Siberia and Kama; after the October Revolution broke. Belovode, legendary country of freedom in the Russian folk tales 17-19 centuries. According to the Old Believers (see. Belovodskoe hierarchy), it was somewhere in the east. Real prototype - Bukhtarminsky cr. Altai. White eye, passerine bird family. Around the eye ring of white feathers. 80 species, mainly in the subtropics and tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere, 2 species in Primorye and Sakhalin. 4 species and 3 subspecies in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Beloglazova, Russian athletes (wrestling), brothers: 1) Anatoly (b. 1956), Honored Master of Sports (1977). Olympic champion (1980), World (1977, 1978, 1982), Europe (1976), champion of the USSR (1977-1982), 2) Sergey (b. 1956), Honored Master of Sports (1980). Olympic champion (1980, 1988), Peace (1979-87), Europe (1979-88), the Soviet Union (1979-82). Bald Nikolai Andreyevich (1834-95), the Russian public figure, doctor. Friend and biographer Botkin. From 1861 corrector "Bells". In 1883-90 the actual editor-publisher of "Common Cause". Author of memoirs. Belogorsky (until 1935 Alexandrovsk, until 1957 Kuybyshevkiy East), city (1926) in the Russian Federation, Amur Region., At p. Tom. Railway junction. 75 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plants "Amurselmash" puncture repair. Food industry. Belogorsky (until 1945 Karasubazar), city (1926) in the Crimea, 43 km from the railway Art. Simferopol. 16.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food industry. BELOGORIYA, the name of the mountain ranges in the South. Siberia snow covered most of the year. Black bear (black bear), a carnivorous mammal of the family bears. 1.7 m length and weighs 150 kg. In the forests of the south-east. Asia, in the Hindu Kush, the Himalayas, southern Tibet, in the south eastern. Asia, in Vol. H. In the south of the Far East. It climbs trees. In the north of the area for the winter lies in the hollows. Endangered. Belodedov Ivan Konstantinovich (1906-81), the Russian and Ukrainian linguist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1957), academician of the USSR (1972). Proceedings on Slavic linguistics, the Ukrainian language, sociolinguistics. USSR State Prize (1983, posthumously). WHITE, lake in the west of the Vologda region. 1290 km2, depth of 5-6 m. As part Sheksninsky Reservoir. (1964). Follows p. Sheksna. The secular clergy, in Orthodoxy - the general name of the lower (not religious) clergy (priests and deacons), in contrast to the black clergy (the highest). White Sea, the North Sea The inland. Arctic ok., Near the northern coast of the European part of the Russian Federation. 90 thousand. Km2. The average depth of 67 m, maximum - 350 m. In the north is connected to the Barents Sea. Strait. Throat and funnel. Large bays (lips): Mezensky, Dvina, Onega, Kandalaksha. The larger islands: Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. Salinity 24-34,5 ‰. Winter is covered by ice. Tides up to 10 m (Mezensky hall.). In the White m. Fall North. Dvina, Onega, Mezen. Fishing (herring, whitefish, saffron cod); seal hunting. Ports: Arkhangelsk, Onega, White Sea, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen. Associated with the Baltic m. White Sea-Baltic Canal, with the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas Volga-Baltic waterway. Belozersky, a city in Russia, Vologda., On the shores of White Lake. Pier on the Volga-Baltic waterway. 12.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Wood, flax, fish and oil mills. Museum. Known since 862. From 1352 to the present location in 1777 was called to Beloozero. Church: stone Assumption (16 c.), Elijah Wood (17 in.). Belozersky Andrei (1905-72), the Russian biochemist, one of the founders of molecular biology in the Soviet Union, USSR Academy of Sciences (1962), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Fundamental works on the distribution and chemical composition of nucleic acids in different groups of organisms. Predicted (with Spirin, 1957) the existence of information (matrix) RNA. Laid the foundations of evolutionary molecular systematics. Belozersky Vasily Mikhailovich (1825-99), Ukrainian public figure, a liberal. In 1845, one of the organizers of Cyril and Methodius, exiled in Petrozavodsk. In 1861-1862 editor of "Basis". Belozersky iron ore district, Ukraine, Zaporozhye region. Opened in 1955. The rich iron ore deposits: South Belozerskoe, Pereverzevskoe and North Belozerskoe. Reserves to a depth of 1,000 meters - 720 million. M with the content of Fe 60-66%. Since 1966, underground mining is developed South Belozerskoe field. Belozersky, city (1966) in Ukraine, Donetsk region., 15 km from the railway Art. Dobropole. 21.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Coal mining; Mineral Water Plant and others. Belozersk principality old Russian, near the White Lake and Kubensky. and lower Sheksna. Since 1207 the inheritance of the Rostov principality. Since 1238 - independent. Capital - Beloozero. In 1389 the Grand Duchy of Moscow inheritance. White-toothed shrew, a genus of mammals of the family of shrews. The body length of 4-15 cm, tail up to 10 cm. The tops of the teeth are white (hence the name). Ok. 150 species in Africa and Eurasia. BELOKAMENSK, a city in Crimea, on the Black Sea port m. J. d. Art. (Inkerman). 12.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Production of construction materials and others. Power Plant. Formed in 1976 from the northern part of the Balaklava district of Sevastopol. Belokany, city (1968) in Azerbaijan. Railway station. 8.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Tobacco fermentation, canning factories; woodworking industry. Belokonskiy Ivan Petrovich (1855-1931), Russian writer, a district statistics. Member of the populist movement. In 1880-86 in exile in Siberia. Works on the history of the Zemstvo and earthly movement, memories "Tribute to time." Belokrinitskoj hierarchy main Old Believers Church in popovtsev. Emerged in the 1840s. in belokrinitskoj monastery (Bukovina). From the middle. 19 in. in Moscow. Headed by the Archbishop of Moscow and All Russia. Leukemia, see. Leukemia. BELOKRYLKOVYE, the same as aleyrodidovye. Calla (Calla), a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the family aronnikovyh. 1 view - calla marsh, in the temperate and subtropical zones of Eurasia and North. America; grows almost everywhere on the banks of ponds, marshes, on sphagnum quagmire. Poisonous. Called "Calla" in greenhouses and greenhouses grow some species of the genus from South zantedeskhiya. Africa. Belokurikha, a town (since 1982) in the Russian Federation, Altai kr., 75 km from the railway Art. Bijsk. 15.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Spa resorts on the basis of thermal radon waters. Blond Vladimir V. (1904-73), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1965). On the scene since 1918. From 1936 to the Moscow Art Theatre. Filmed in the movies: "Valery Chkalov" (title role), and others. Professor GITISa and VGIK (1946). USSR State Prize (1951). Blond Sergey (1862-1918), Russian historian, archaeographer, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917; St. Petersburg Academy from 1903). Works and publication of documents on the history of Russia 15-17 centuries. Belomorski, city (1938) in the Russian Federation, Karelia, a port on the White m. (Onega Bay), at the entrance to the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Railway junction. 19.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Fishing and timber industries. Shipyard. Tourism. Museum, "White Sea petroglyphs." Belomorski Flotilla, was established in Russia in March 1920, in April transformed into Naval Forces Northern m. The newly formed in the Northern Fleet in August 1941 to protect communications in the White m., The eastern part of the Barents Sea. And in the Arctic. During World War II provided the wiring St. 2500 transports. White Sea-Baltic race, part of the Caucasoid race. Characterized by bright eyes and hair, meso or brahikefaliya, short nose, the average increase. Distributed in the north-east of Europe from the east and the south coast of the Baltic Sea. To the Urals (the northern group of Russian, Belarusians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Karels, Veps, part of the Komi). White muscle diseases, acute non-infectious diseases in young farm animals (mostly calves and lambs): metabolic disorder and loss ("blanching") muscles. Belonovsky George Dmitrievich (1875-1950), a Russian microbiologist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Major works on medical bacteriology, epidemiology and immunity problems. Beloozerov, at the origins of the ancient Russian city district. Sheksna from the White Lake. Remains of houses, workshops, forges, and others. Since 1238 the center Belozersky principality. In 1352 was moved to the site of the modern city of Belozersk. Belaaziorsk, city (1970) in Belarus, Brest region., 19 km from the railway Art. Bronnaya Gora. 11.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Berezovskaya GRES. Electromechanical plant. Fisheries. Belopole, a city in Ukraine, Sumy region. Railway station. 19.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Engineering, syrodelatelny plants. Founded in 1672. Belopol'skaya Aristarchus Apollonovich (1854-1934), a Russian astronomer, academician of the USSR (1925; academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1903, Academician since 1917). One of the pioneers astrospectroscopy; studies of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the Sun, variables, and binary stars, made a lot of definitions of radial velocities of stars. Belopol'skaya Yakov Borisovich (1916-93), a Russian architect, People's Architect of the USSR (1988), member of the Academy of Arts (1983). One of the leading architects of the reconstruction and building of Moscow (South-West district, a circus, Peoples Friendship University. Lumumba; 60-70-ies.). Architectural monument of the Soviet Army soldiers in Treptow Park in Berlin (1946-49) and on the Mamaev Kurgan in Volgograd (1963-67). Lenin Prize (1970), the USSR State Prize (1950). State Prize of the Russian Federation (1994, posthumously). Beloretsk city (since 1923, previously. Beloretskij plant) in the Russian Federation, Bashkortostan, at p. White. Railway station. 73.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Iron and Steel Works, the plant "Metalist" and others. Known since 1762. Belorechenskie, city (1958) in the Russian Federation, Krasnodar kr., At p. White. Railway junction. 52.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Of railway transport; chemical, food and woodworking industry. BELOROSSOV Nikolai Danilovich (d. 1907), the Russian church historian, the priest. Essays on the history of the Church of England before the Reformation and others. Byelorussia (Belarus), the Republic of Belarus (The Republic of Belarus). 207.6 thousand. Km2. Population 10,353 thousand. People (1993), urban 67%; Belarusians (7905 thousand. man; 1989 census), Russian, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews and others. In Belarus, 6 regions, 117 districts, 99 cities, 112 urban-type settlements (1989). The official language - Belorussian. Capital - Minsk. Belarus flat surface. In the north - the system of moraine ridges, changing into the Belarusian ridge (345 m); in the south - Belarusian Polesie. Deposits of potash, rock salt, oil, peat and others. The climate is temperate continental. The average January temperature of -4 ° C in the southwest to -8 ° C in the north-east, July 17 ° C in the north to 19 ° C in the south. Rainfall of 500 to 700 mm per year. The main rivers - the Dnieper, Pripyat, Berezina, Zap. Dvina, Neman. Many lakes (Naroch, Osveyskoye et al.). Reservoir (Vileiskoye, Zaslavsky). Soils dominated by sod-podzol. St. 1/3 of the territory of Belarus is covered by mixed forests. On the territory of Belarus - part of Bialowieza Forest, Berezinski, Pripyat reserves. Ok. 1/4 in Belarus - in the zone of radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl accident in 1986. In the 10 - early. 12th centuries. as part of Kievan Rus formed principality of Polotsk, Turov-Pinsk and others. In 13-14 centuries. their territory in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in 1569 - the Commonwealth. In the 16th century. complete the formation of the Belarusian nation. From the end. 18 in. Belarusian lands within the Russian Empire. The reform of 1861 has accelerated the development of capitalism. In November 1917, Belarus declared the Soviet government. In February - November 1918 most of the territory was occupied by German troops. 01/01/1919 formed Byelorussian SSR. Western Byelorussia under the Riga Treaty of 1921 ceded to Poland. In 1922 the Belorussian SSR became a part of the USSR. In November 1939 Western Byelorussia reunited with Byelorussian SSR. In 1941 Belarus occupied by German troops. Belarusian people rose to fight the enemy. Acted in 1108 guerrilla units and groups. (St. 374 thousand. People). The Republic lost more than 2.2 million. People. In July 1944, liberated by Soviet troops. In July 1990, the Armed Forces of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, in July 1991 - the Declaration of independence. In 1994 established the post prizident. In the structure of the national income (1992,%): 44 Industry, agriculture 29.3. Electricity production 38.7 billion kWh. (1991). Leading industries: automobile and tractor, machine tools, agricultural machinery, electronics, electrical, instrumentation; chemical and petrochemical: potash, phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic fibers and yarns artificial fiber, tires; refining; light. Development of food (meat, dairy, maslosyrodelatelnaya, canning, etc.), Wood industry; pig black, powder metallurgy. Extraction of potassium salts (Soligorsk), oil (mainly in the south-east of the country). Agricultural land area of 9.3 million. Ha (1992). Sown area of 6126 thousand hectares. In Vol. H. 43% cereals (rye, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat). Gross grain harvest 5.9 million. Tons (1992), potatoes 8.0 million. Tons cultivated flax, sugar beets. Fruit, vegetable. The area of reclaimed land 3229 th. Ha (1990). The main livestock industry - dairy and beef cattle, pigs, poultry. The operational length of railways 5.75 thousand. Km (1990), public roads 48.9 thousand. Km, in Vol. H. Of paved 46.3 thousand. Km. Pipeline transport. Navigation on the Pripyat, the Dnieper-Bug Canal, the Dnieper, Sozh, Berezina. Currency - Belarusian ruble. Belarusian ridge, in the northwest of Belarus and Poland. Ok. 500 km. Consists of Grodno, Volkovysk, Novogrudok, Minsk hills. 345 m. Belarusian Peasants 'and Workers' Union, a mass revolutionary organization of Western Belarus in 1925-27. Byelorussian operation, 23.6-29.8 1944, during the Great Patriotic War. Soviet troops of the 1st Baltic, 3rd, 2nd and 1st Belorussian Fronts (Army General Bagramyan, Colonel-General Chernyakhovsky, Army General Zakharov, Gen. K. Rokossovsky) with the support of the guerrillas broke through the defense in many areas of the German Army Group "Center" (Field Marshal E. Bush, then V. Model), surrounded and destroyed large enemy force in the areas of Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Vilnius, Brest and east of Minsk , released on the territory of Belarus and its capital Minsk (July 3), a significant part of Lithuania and its capital Vilnius (July 13), eastern Poland and went on pp. Narew, Vistula and eastern borders. Prussia. Byelorussian Rada, the government authority in Belarus (July 1917 - January 1919, Minsk). In March 1918, the government formed the Belarusian People's Republic and announced the separation of Belarus from Russia. Established contact with the Ukrainian Central Rada. After January 1919 acted outside the country. In October 1925 announced its dissolution welcome. Belarusian Agricultural Academy, a higher education institution in the city of Gorky, Mogilev region., Founded in 1840 to train specialists in agricultural chemistry and soil science, agronomy, agricultural mechanization, reclamation, mechanization of irrigation and drainage works, agricultural economics, and others. In 1991 St. 10 thousand. Students. Byelorussian Soviet Encyclopedia (BelSE), the first universal encyclopedia in the Belarusian language. Editor in Chief - P. Hinge. Released chief editorial BelSE (1981 BelSE publishing them. P. Brovka) in 1969-75 to 12 t. (12th - is dedicated to the Byelorussian SSR, there is a reference). Became the basis for a brief encyclopedia "Byelorussian SSR" (1978-82, 5 m., In Belarusian and Russian languages) and a number of other publications. Belarusian Social Democratic Labour Party (BSDRP), founded in September 1917, part of the left wing of the Belarusian Socialist Assembly of the composition of its Petrograd organization. Adjoined to the Bolsheviks. In April 1918, members BSDRP entered the Russian Communist Party (b). Belarusian Socialist Assembly (BSG), a political party since 1902. In 1907 disbanded. Revived after February 1917. The program: national autonomy, municipalization of land. AAH organization - in Petrograd, Moscow, Kiev, Saratov, Kazan, Tambov, Odessa, Helsinki. Central bodies - "Free Belarus", "Community". Supported the Provisional Government, the Belarusian parliament. The summer of 1918 broke up. Some members have taken the Soviet regime. BELARUS Bolshoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, opened in Minsk in 1933, 1964 Academic. Performances in Belarusian and Russian languages. Belarusian Polytechnical Institute, Minsk, was founded in 1933 to train specialists in mechanical engineering, instrument and robotic systems, thermal engineering, architectural construction, and others. In 1991, approx. 24 thousand. Students. Belarusian theater them. Kolas, Drama, founded in 1926 in Vitebsk (Belarus 2nd State Theatre). Belarusian theater them. Yanka Kupala Drama, founded in Minsk in 1920, 1955 Academic. Belarusian University, Minsk, founded in 1921 to train specialists in physical and mathematical, chemical, biological, geographical, historical, legal, philological sciences, electronics, journalism and others. In 1991, approx. 17 thousand. Students. Belarusian language, refers to the Slavic languages (East Slavic group) within the Indo-European family of languages. The official language of Belarus. Script based on the Cyrillic alphabet (civil font). Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles, compiled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 15-16 centuries. 3 news chronicles: Chronicle 1446 Chronicle of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Zhomoytskogo, Bychowiec Chronicle. Belarusians people, the general population of Belarus (St. 7.9 million. Man, 1992). They also live in the Russian Federation (1206 thousand. People), Ukraine (440 thousand. People), Kazakhstan (182 thousand. People), Latvia (120 thousand. People), Lithuania (63 thousand. People), Uzbekistan (63 thousand . people), Estonia (27.7 thous. people). In Poland, approx. 300 thousand. Man. The total number of 10,380,000. People (1992). Belarusian language. Believers Belarusians mostly Orthodox, Catholics there. White fish, migratory fish whitefish family. 2 subspecies: inconnu and white salmon. Inconnu up to 110 cm, weighs 20 kg, lives in the Caspian m., For breeding part of the Volga and the Urals. Valuable target species and breeding. Bialystok (Bialystok), a city in north-eastern Poland, the administrative center of the Bialystok province. 268 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Textile industry; mechanical engineering. Palace Branickis (17-18 cc.). Belous, a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the family Gramineae. 1 species in warm temperate zone of Eurasia, listed in the North. America. Contributes to waterlogging meadows, fixes sands. Belousov Vladimir Vladimirovich (1907-90), the Russian geologist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). Major works on tectonics and tectonophysics. Developed the concept of the earth's crust, based on the primacy of vertical movements. Belousov Ivan (1863-1930), Russian writer and poet. One of the leaders of "Surikov literary and musical circle." Poems and stories for children. Memories. The book "Literary Moscow" (1926), "Lost Moscow" (1927), "Writers' nest" (1930). Belousov Leonid G. (b. 1909), Hero of the Soviet Union (1957), Major (1945). During the Great Patriotic War in fighter aircraft, the assistant commander of the regiment. After being seriously wounded his legs were amputated. Returned to the front, made 30 sorties, participated in aerial combat. BELOUSOVA Ludmila E. (b. 1935), athlete (figure skating), Honored Master of Sports (1964). Until 1979 lived in the USSR, and then in Switzerland. Olympic champion (1964 and 1968), the world and Europe (1965-68), the Soviet Union (1965-1968) in pairs with OA Protopopov (the first who won medals in the Olympic Games and the world in the history of Russian pair skating).
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