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Battaglia (Battaglia) Roberto (1913-63), Italian historian. Works on the new history of Italy. Battambang city in Cambodia, adm. c. prov. Battambang. 45 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). Processing of agricultural products. Production of phosphate fertilizers. Battani, Al-Battani (Abu Abdallah Mohammed bin Jabir) (858-929), the Arab astronomer and mathematician. Hailing from Battal (Syria). First proposed the methods of calculation of spherical triangles, spent a lot of astronomical observations made table motion of the Sun and the Moon, determine the slope of the ecliptic and the value of the precession. Coined the trigonometric functions (sine, tangent, cotangent). Butte (Batteux) Charles (1713-80), French esthetician, representative of classicism. The basic principle of art considered imitation. Battenberg (Battenberg), Alexander (1857-93), a German prince, Prince of Bulgaria (1879-86). Conductor of Austro-German influence in the Balkans, abdicated under pressure from the Bulgarian officers Russophile. BUTTERFLY (Eng. Butterfly, letters. - Butterfly), the method of competitive swimming on the breast, characterized by the simultaneous arm stroke, followed by the removal of them from the water; movement of the legs, as in the breaststroke. Originated from the breaststroke in 1934 in the Soviet Union and the United States. Batticaloa, a city in Sri Lanka. Ok. 50 thousand. Residents. Port in the lagoon on the east coast of the island. An agricultural center. Fishing. Known t. N. "singing fish" (acoustic effect that occurs at night from the bottom of the lagoon). Battistini (Battistini) Mattia (1856-1928), Italian singer (baritone), a representative of the art of bel canto. He played in the Russian repertoire: Onegin ("Eugene Onegin" by PI Tchaikovsky), Demon ("Demon" Rubinstein), and others. Batthyány (Batthyány) (Batthyany) Lajos (1806-49), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (March - September 1848) during the Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary. Supporter of conservation Hungary as part of the Habsburg Empire. Shot by sentence of the Austrian court martial. Batumi city of Georgia, the capital of Adjara, a port on the Black m. Railway station. 137 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Industry: oil refining, mechanical engineering (equipment for the tea industry, shipbuilding, electrical products), light industry (footwear, clothing); tea and tobacco factories, factory, etc. Caffeine. University. 2 theater. 2 museums. Aquarium dolphin. Climatic resort. Known since the 11th century. as a fortress. Near Batumi - Batumi Botanical Garden. Batumi Botanical Garden Georgian Academy of Sciences. Located near Batumi (pos. Green Cape). Founded in 1912 AN Krasnov. Area of approx. 120 ha. Scientific establishment for breeding on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus tea, citrus and other subtropical crops. St. 5 thousand. Species, varieties and forms of plants. In the herbarium of local and introduced plants - more than 40 thousand. Sheets. BATUMI University, founded in 1990 on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute. Shota Rustaveli. Training personnel for the physical, chemical, mathematical, biological, geographical, philological, historical, educational and other fields. In 1990 St. 2 thousand. Students. Onions, herbaceous perennial plant of the genus Allium onion. In the food consumed young leaves (green pen), cut several times during the growing season. Baturin, an urban village in the Ukraine, Chernihiv region., At p. Diet. 3.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Flax Mill. Historical museum. In the 17-18 centuries. residence of Ukrainian hetman. House Kotchubey (17 in.), The palace Razumovsky (con. 18 - beg. 19th c.). BATURIN Vladimir Petrovich (1902-45), the Russian geologist, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences. Proceedings "Palaeogeography by terrigenous components" (1937). USSR State Prize (1948, posthumously). BATURIN Pafnutii S. (c. 1740-1803), a Russian educator, supporter of deism; criticized popular among Masons doctrine of Saint-Martin. Trampoline (Trampoline) (fr. Batoude, from Italian. Battuta, letters. - Shock), cushioning device for jumping, jumps. Trampolining (individual and synchronized pair) - sport. The International Federation (founded in 1964) approx. 40 countries (1991). World Championships since 1964, Europe since 1968. It is used in circus acrobatics. Batu (Batu) (1208-55), the Mongol Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. The leader of the pan-Mongol campaign in East. and the Centre. Europe (1236-43), with 1243 khan of the Golden Horde. BATYR (Bahadur) (Turk. - Athlete, athlete, brave), an honorary title from Turks and Mongols, let's for military exploits. BATYR Srym (Srym Datov) (? -1802), Leader of the uprising of the peasants and the patriarchal nobility in Kazakhstan against the oppression of tsarist Khan and sultans Little Horde (1783-97). The uprising was defeated because of the division among the rebels. BATYRAY (1831-1910), poet Dargin. One of the founders of the realistic Dargin literature. Song cycle "On Life", "The Hero", "About Love" (collected and published in 1928). BATYRMURZAEV Zeynalabidin Nuhaevich (1897-1919), writer Kumyk. N. Batyrmurzaeva son. One of the organizers of the partisan movement during the Civil War in Dagestan. Play "Daniyalbek", "Contrary to the mullahs" (1916-17) laid the foundations Kumyk drama. Together with his father shot Whites. BATYRMURZAEV Nuh (1869-1919), writer and educator Kumyk. Story "Unhappy Habibat" (1910), "Haroun and Zubaydah, or accidents Zhanbike" (1910), "Dawood and Laila" (1912) laid the foundations of realistic prose in Kumyk literature. Together with his son shot Whites. Batyrsha Aliyev (Abdullah Aleev) (c. 1710-62), a mullah. Member of the Bashkir rebellion in 1755. From 1756 Schlusselburg fortress, where he died. Batu invasion, conquest of the Mongol-Tatars in East. and the Centre. Europe, led by Batu Khan. In 1236-41 the conquest of Volga Bulgaria, winter 1237-1238 campaign in the north-east. Russia, in 1238-40 protracted war with the Kipchaks, Alan, Circassians. Autumn - winter 1240 the conquest of South. Rus. In the 1241-42 campaign through Poland, Hungary and others. To the Adriatic Sea. Mongol-Tatars, weakened the heroic resistance of the Russian and other eastern nations. Europe, failed to gain a foothold in Central Europe and retreated. Eastern land. Europe had been destroyed, and Russia established the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787-1855), Russian poet. Chapter anacreontic trends in the Russian lyrics ("Happy Hour", "My hearth", "Bacchante"). Later experienced a spiritual crisis ("Hope", "to others"); in the genre of elegy - motifs of unrequited love ("Separation", "My genius"), high tragedy ("Dying Tasso," "dictum of Melchizedek"). Bauhin (Boen) (Bauhin), Swiss biologists, brothers: 1) Johann (1541-1613), in the "New Universal History of Plants" (vols. 1-3, 1650-61) described the 5000 species of plants ... 2) Caspar (1560-1624), the first to use binary nomenclature in plant taxonomy (1620). Described t. N. bauginievu flap in the intestines of animals. Baul, the people of Côte d'Ivoire. The number of 1550 thousand. People (1992). Language Baule. The majority adheres to traditional beliefs, part - Catholics. Bauman Vladimir Ivanovich (1867-1923), a Russian scientist. Author of fundamental works on the surveyor business. Nicholas Bauman Ernestovich (pseudonym. Grach) (1873-1905), leader of the Russian revolutionary movement with 90s. The veterinarian. In 1904 the head of the Moscow Committee and the Northern Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party. Killed Oct. 18, 1905 Black Hundreds. Funeral Bauman Moscow on October 20 resulted in many thousands of political demonstration. BAUMANABAD, the name of the Panj in Tajikistan in 1931-36. BAUMANIS (Baumanis) Janis Friedrich (1834-91), Latvian architect. The decor of the buildings used form of various architectural styles (House Livonian nobility, now the building of the Sejm of Latvia in Riga, 1863-67). Baumgarten (Baumgarten) Alexander Gottlieb (1714-62), German philosopher school H. Wolff, founder of aesthetics (introduced very term) as a special philosophical discipline - "the science of sensory cognition." BAUR (Baur) Christian Ferdinand (1792-1860), a German Protestant theologian, Hegelian, founder and head of the Tübingen school; professor at the University of Tübingen (1826). Bauru (Bauru), a city in south-eastern Brazil. 221 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Food, textile, chemical industry. Bauska (Bauska), city (1609) in Latvia, at the confluence of rivers. Musa and Memel, 26 km from the railway Art. Iecava. 11.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food and textile industry. Local history and art museums. Known since 1443. Bouts (Bouts) (Bouts) Dirk (c. 1415-75), Dutch painter. Continued the tradition of Rogier van der Weyden. Combined convention Gothic art with realistic detail, accuracy of observations (the altar of "sacrament", 1464-67). "Bauhaus" (Bauhaus), Graduate School of Construction and artistic design, founded in 1919 in Weimar (Germany) in 1925 moved to Dessau in 1933 abolished the Nazis. Heads (W. Gropius, H. Meyer, L. Mies van der Rohe) developed aesthetic functionalism, the principles of modern formation in architecture and design, material and household formation environment by means of plastic arts. Bautzen (Bautzen) (Bautzen; Sorbian - Budishin), a city in south-east Germany, Saxony, on the river. Spree. 52 thousand. Inhabitants (1988). Mechanical Engineering. Center of national culture Sorb (Sorbs). Institute sorbistiki. Castle Ortenburg (15 in.). BAUTSENSKOE battle, 8-9 (20-21) .5.1813, near the city of Bautzen in the foreign campaigns of the Russian Army 1813-14. The French army of Napoleon I defeated the Russian-Prussian army under the command of the Russian General Wittgenstein. Bauer (Bauer) Bruno (1809-82), German philosopher mladogegelyanets (see. Hegelianism). Critic of Christianity and the reliability of the Gospels. Considered the driving force behind the history of consciousness "critical personalities." BAUER Louis Agricola (1865-1932), American physicist, a foreign member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925, foreign corresponding member of Russian Academy of Sciences from 1924). Proceedings on geomagnetism. Otto Bauer (1882-1938), one of the leaders of the Austrian Social Democracy and the 2 nd International, the ideologist of Austro-Marxism. In 1918-19 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, advocated the annexation of Austria to Germany. Since 1934 in exile. Baffin (Baffin), William (1584-1622), English polar explorer. In 1612-16 participated in a number of expeditions to find the Northwest Passage. Hudson explored the room., Sea to the west of Greenland. Opened large tracts of the islands in the Canadian Arctic arch., Peninsula Hayes (Greenland). Baffin Sea (Baffin Bay), semi-enclosed sea North. Arctic c., Between Greenland and the eastern shores of the Canadian Arctic architect. Strait connects. Davis with the Atlantic approx. 530 thousand. Km2. Depth up to 2414 m. Fishing (cod, herring and others.). Baffin (Baffin Island), the largest on-architect in the Canadian Arctic., As part of Canada. 476 thousand. Km2. The population of approx. 3.4 t. H. Height up to 2591 m. The Arctic and mountain tundra. Fishing, saltwater fishing. The main town - Frobisher Bay. BACH, a family of German musicians from Thuringia, nominated in 16 - early. 19th centuries. outstanding artists, in Vol. h. by JS Bach and his sons: 1) Wilhelm Friedemann (1710-84), "Gallic" Bach, composer and organist, improviser ... 2) Carl Philipp Emanuel (1714-88 ), "Berlin" or "Hamburg" Bach, composer and harpsichordist; his work is akin to the literary movement "Sturm und Drang", influenced the composers of the Viennese classical school ... 3) Johann Christian (1735-82), "Milan" or "London" Bach, composer and harpsichordist, a spokesman for t. n. gallant style, influenced the work of the young Mozart ... 4) Johann Christoph Friedrich (1732-95), "byukkeburgsky" Bach, composer, harpsichordist, conductor. BACH Aleksei Nikolaevich (1857-1946), the Russian scientist, academician of the USSR (1929), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Narodovolets; in 1885-1917 in exile. The founder of the Russian school of biochemists. Investigated the chemistry of photosynthesis and oxidative processes in the cell. Found that at the heart of the breath is a series of sequential enzymatic redox reactions (peroxide theory). Organized Physico-Chemical Institute. Karpov (1918) and the Institute of Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935, 1944 - Bach). Prize. Lenin (1926), the USSR State Prize (1941). BACH (Bach) by Johann Sebastian (1685-1750), a German composer, organist, harpsichordist. Philosophical depth of content and high ethical meaning of Bach put his work in a number of masterpieces of world culture. Summarized the achievements of musical art of transition from baroque to classicism. Unsurpassed master of polyphony. "Well-Tempered Clavier" (1722-44), the Mass in B Minor (c. 1747-49), "St. John Passion" (1724), "St. Matthew Passion" (1727 or 1729), St. 200 religious and secular cantatas, instrumental concertos, numerous works for organ and others. BAHAADDIN Zuhair (1185-1258), Arab poet. Qasidas panegyric, lyric poetry, close folk poetry. Bahawalpur, a city in Pakistan, at p. Sutlej. Ok. 200 thousand. Inhabitants (1981). Textile and food industry. Crafts (carpet weaving, pottery). Bahadur, the same as Batyr. Bakharden urban village in Turkmenistan. Railway station. 18.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Carpet factory and others. In 19 km from Bakharden in the caves of the lake. Coe. Bahar Nikita (1705 - d. Death unknown), a Russian engineer. He worked at the Siberian mountain management. One of the initiators of the production and use of Ural gems. Built in Yekaterinburg (1748) mechanical water-driven company for marble and original grinding mill. Braggarts Mamontov (b. 1934), Russian mathematician, Academician (1991). Proceedings on differential equations and computational mathematics. USSR State Prize (1985). BACH-LIYMAND (Bach-Liimand) Aino (1901-80), Estonian schedule, People's Artist of Estonia (1961). Lyrical portraits, genre scenes, illustrations ("Sleeping baby", engraving). Bahlulzade Sattar Bahlul oglu (1909-74), the Azerbaijani painter, People's Artist of Azerbaijan (1964). Author lyrical landscapes, paintings ("Spring of My Homeland", 1967). BAHMAN (Bachmann) Ingeborg (1926-73), Austrian writer. Collection of poems ("Delayed Time", 1953), stories ("the thirtieth year", 1961), the novel "Malina" (1971) distinguished philosophical richness and complicated form. BAHMANIDSKY SULTANATE state in India, the Deccan Plateau, in 1347-1525, led by the dynasty Bahmanidov. Capital: Gulbarga, Bidar since 1429. Bahmanyar Abdul Hasan oglu Marzuban (? -1065), Azeri philosopher, a student of Ibn Sina, Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism used to justify Islamic dogma. Bahmaro, mountain resort in Georgia, south-west of Kutaisi. Bakhmach, city (1938) in Ukraine, Chernigov region. Railway junction. 23.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Chemical Engineering Plant, Milk Factory and others. Bakhmet Vladimir M. (1885-1963), Russian writer. Member of the literary association "Forge" (1923). In prose refers to the formation of the revolutionary consciousness of the Siberian peasants, the events of the Civil War. The most famous was the novel "Crime Martin" (1928). Books: "On the ground" (1924), "offensive" (1938) and others. Bakhmet Porphyry Ivanovich (1860-1913), the Russian physicist and biologist. Studied the effect of hypothermia on the animal organism. First experimentally induced hibernation in mammals (bats). Bakhmutov name Artemovsk Ukraine (Donetsk region.) Until 1924. BAHMUTINSKAYA culture (archeology), Iron Age (3-7 cc.) In the bass. pp. Kama, Ufa, White. Named after the village. Bahmutino in Bashkiria. Settlements and tombs. Economy: agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing. Bahmutskiy Alexei Ivanovich (1893-1939), a Russian inventor. Created the world's first industrial design coal miner (1932). "BAKHOR" them. M. Turgunbaeva, Folk Dance Ensemble of Uzbekistan. Founder and artistic director (1957-78) M. Turgunbaeva, since 1979 artistic director K. Mirkarimova. Bachofen (Bachofen) Johann Jakob (1815-1887), a Swiss historian of law. Initiated the study of family history and the problem of matriarchy. Bahr Lev Davidovich (b. 1921), the Russian physicist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1966). Works on the theory and technique of antennas, holography. Lenin Prize (1961), the USSR State Prize (1951, 1976). Bahrain, State of Bahrain (Dawlat al-Bahrain), the state (emirate) in the South-West. Asia, on the islands of Bahrain, in the Persian Room. 0.69 thousand. Km2. The population of 486 thousand. People (1993), mainly Bahrainis (Arabs Bahrain). The urban population of 83% (1990). Official language - Arabic. State religion - Islam. Capital - Manama. Bahrain - a constitutional monarchy. The head of state - the emir. Climate close to tropical. The average January temperature of 16 ° C, 37 ° C in July. Precipitation approx. 90 mm. Dominated by desert. Reserve El Areyn. In the beginning. n. e. Bahrain - a small principality. In the 4-6 centuries. in the State of the Sassanids in 7-9 centuries. - Arab Caliphate; in the 10-11 centuries. Bahrain - Carmathians center of the state. In the beginning. 16 in. captured by the Portuguese in the 1st Thurs. 17 in. became part of Iran. In 1871-1971 the British protectorate. Since 1971, an independent state. The basis of the economy - oil production and refining. The share of gross domestic product (1991,%): 35.1 Industry (in Vol. H. 18.6 mining), agriculture 1.2. Aluminum smelting. A large oil refinery; petrochemical, ship repair, cement and other enterprises. Oasis agriculture and animal husbandry. Fishing and pearling. The length of the road 2.6 thousand. Km (1991). Major seaports: Manama, Sitra. Exports of oil products, aluminum and plastics, as well as dates, shrimp, pearl. Major trading partners: US, Japan, United Arab Emirates, India, Canada and Singapore. Currency - Bahraini Dinar. Fringe (Turk., From Arabic. Mahram - handkerchief), smooth braid hanging from one hand thread; decoration for curtains, furniture, lampshades. Fringe trim for shawls, scarves and so on. N. Get pulling (osypkoy) threads on the edges of the product. Bakhrushina Alexei Alexandrovich (1865-1929), the Russian theatrical figure collector. On the basis of their collections to create a private literary and theatrical museum (1894), 1918 Theatre Museum Bakhrushin in Moscow. Bakhrushin Sergei Vladimirovich (1882-1950), Russian historian, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939). Trainee VOKljuchevskogo. Works on the history of Russia, Russian colonization of Siberia, source, historiography, historical geography. USSR State Prize (1942). Bakhrushina Russian businessmen, merchants, the natives of Zaraysk. In the 18th century. buyers of cattle in the 19th century. the largest suppliers of leather, clothiers. Abound on military orders. To the family owned Bakhrushins Bakhrushin and SV Bakhrushin. Bahr el Ghazal, the river in Sudan, see. El-Ghazal. Bakht, city (1980) in Uzbekistan, Syrdarya region. Railway station. 9.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Cotton ginning plant; the garment and food industries. Bakht, the river on the Central Plateau, right tributary of the Yenisei. 498 km, the basin area of 35.5 thousand. Km2. Navigable in the lower reaches. Xenia Bakhtadze Ermolaevna (1899-1978), a Russian breeder, academician of Agricultural Sciences (1956) and the Georgian Academy of Sciences (1955), Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). Works on the selection and seed tea; author of a number of high-yielding and high-quality varieties. USSR State Prize (1949). Bakhtaran (Kermanshah), a city in western Iran, adm. c. ostan Bakhtaran. 560 thousand. Inhabitants (1986). Refinery. Sugar, textile enterprises. Carpet weaving. University. Bahtarmu bottom surface tanned animal skin. Bakhtiari, people in Iran (mainly in the south-west, in the historical region. Large Lorestan, or Bakhtiari). 1 million. People (1992). Divided into groups and haftleng cheharleng. Speak dialects of the western subgroup of the Iranian languages. Believers - Shia Muslims. BAKHTIN Vladimir Solomonovich (b. 1923), the Russian literary critic. The main area of interest - folklore, Soviet poetry, children's literature. Books: "Alexander Prokofiev" (1959), "From the epic to the rhymes. Tales of folklore" (1982). BAKHTIN Mikhail Mikhailovich (1895-1975), the Russian literary critic and art theorist. Historical and theoretical works devoted to the epic, the novel, language, formation and change of artistic forms, identify value-philosophical significance categories poetics; explored the polyphonic novel form ("Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics", 4th edition, 1979) and the popular "of laughter" culture of the Middle Ages ("Creativity Francois Rabelais ..., 1965), a collection of articles" Questions of literature and aesthetics "(1975) et al., study "the philosophy of the deed" (published 1986). Bahurin Ivan Mikhailovich (1880-1940), scientist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Proceedings on magnetic prospecting and surveying. Bacchus, see. Bacchus. Bakhchiev (from Persian. Bahce - kindergarten) (Bashtan) field where grown melons. melon ladybug beetle family of ladybugs; pest melons in Eurasia and Africa. The yellowish-red with black spots, 7-9 mm in length. feeds on leaves, fruit peel. Aphis gossypii, an insect of the family of these aphids, a pest of cotton, melons and others. yellow or green, the length of 1,25-2,1 mm. widespread. It feeds on plant sap. melons, the group cultivated plants of the family Cucurbitaceae (watermelon, cantaloupe, some kinds of pumpkin). Food, feed, oilseeds, medicinal, decorative and honey plant. On all continents. Bahchivandzhi Grigory Yakovlevich (1909-43), a Russian test pilot, Captain Hero of the Soviet Union (1973, posthumously). The tests of the first Soviet aircraft with liquid rocket engine (BI-1, 1942), a number of aircraft engine in flight. Died in a test flight. BAHCHISARAY, a city in Crimea, in the valley. Churuksu. Railway station. 26.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Flavoring enterprises, construction materials and other. Founded in the 16th century. Until 1783 the capital of the Crimean Khanate. Khan's Palace (16-18 cc.). In the vicinity of Bakhchisarai - the cave city of Calais. Bakhchisarai peace between Russia and Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Concluded in Bakhchisarai 01/13/1681 for 20 years. Recognition of reunification with Russia, the left-bank Ukraine and Kiev, Russian citizenship Cossacks. Bakhshi, folk storytellers, musicians, singers, poets, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan (bakhsi). Creators and keepers of folk epics - dastans. Accompanying himself mainly dutar. Batsara-BABANEURSKY RESERVE, see. Akhmeta reserve. Bats Language, see. Nakh languages. Bacilli (from Lat. Bacillum - stick), rod-shaped bacteria. In the narrow sense of the bacilli - genus of gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that form intracellular spores. Most of the bacilli - saprophytes. Some germs cause disease in animals and humans, for example. anthrax, tetanus. Bucher (Bucher) (Bucher) Walter Herman (1888-1965), an American geologist. Author pulsation hypothesis, involving an alternation in the history of the Earth's general periods of compression and tension. Pa-cha, Chinese deity, exterminate locusts. Depicted with a bird's feet instead of feet, sword in hand. Bachinskogo Krzysztof Kamil (1921-44), Polish poet. Killed in action during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Books lyric "Immured echo", "Two Love" (both 1940), "Selected Poems" (1942, underground, under the pseudonym. Jan Buhay). Heritage, published in full only in the 1960s., Had a great influence on Polish poetry, making the image of the legendary author.
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