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AUTOGRAPH (by car ... and ... Count), 1) handwritten, usually commemorative inscription signature. 2) Autograph author's handwriting. AVTODOR in 1927-35 Voluntary Society for Assistance to motoring and improvement of roads in the Russian Federation. Autodrome (by car ... and Greek. Dromos - race, place for jogging), the area used for motor sport activities, competitions and driver training. Gyroplane (fr. Autogyr, from cars and Greek. Gyros - circle, rotation), aircraft lift force which created rotor - rotor rotates freely, under the influence of the incoming air. Gyroplane is an intermediate type between the aircraft and helicopters. H. Siervoy invented in 1919. The development of models of gyroplanes involved many design offices to beg. 1940s, it is currently used mostly for sport. Autocar (by car ... and English. Car - truck), motorized vehicles with internal combustion engine and a cargo platform. Autocephalous church (from the car ... and Greek. Kephale - head) in the Orthodox Church of administrative autonomy. AUTOCLAVE (by car ... and armor. Clavis - key), a sealed unit for many physical and chemical processes during heating and elevated pressure (which increases the speed of processes), as well as for sterilization of medical instruments and dressings. Autoclave materials, building materials and products on the basis of lime, cement and inorganic fillers (eg., Sand-lime bricks, aerated concrete), autoclaved (at a pressure of 0.9-1.6 MPa, temperature 175-200 ° C). OSCILLATIONS, sustained oscillations that can exist in an oscillatory system in the absence of periodic external influences (as opposed to forced vibrations) due to the presence in the active element, makes up for the inevitable in a real system energy losses. The amplitude and period of oscillations are determined by the properties of the system and do not depend on the final changes in the initial conditions. Examples of self-oscillation - oscillation of the pendulum clock, a violin string when moving the bow, the current in the generator of Radio. Autocollimation (by car ... and collimo, instead of the correct lat. Collineo - heading right), an automatic return of the light beam emerging from the focus of the lens back into focus if the lens is located flat mirror strictly perpendicular to the optical axis. Autocollimation based on opto-mechanical device for accurate angular measurement - autocollimator. Autocrat (by car ... and fold), a form of government with unlimited sovereignty uncontrolled one person (Dr. despotism. East Empire Rome, Byzantium, the absolute monarchy, and others.). AUTOLYSIS (by car ... and Greek. Lysis - decomposition, decay), self-dissolution of tissues and cells under the influence of their own hydrolytic enzymes. Occurs in the body in a number of physiological processes (metamorphosis autotomy et al.), In the foci of necrosis, as well as the decomposition of the corpse. Autolysis occurs during aging microorganisms microbial culture, cells are damaged by various agents. AUTOLYCUS, in Greek mythology, son of Hermes and Hyon, the grandfather of Odysseus. Famous for his cunning, the ability to transform and make things invisible or unrecognizable to change them. Hercules has taught the art of warfare. Autolithographies (by car ... and lithography), lithography, where the image on the stone causes the author and not the master lithographer. Arteries (from the car ... and armor. Magistralis - chief), the same as the freeway. AUTOMATIC, individual small automatic weapons. Valid fire up to 400 m, rate can reach 1000 rounds per minute. AUTO (from the Greek. Automatos - automatic), 1) device (set of devices) that performs a given program without direct human intervention, all operations during the production, transformation, transmission and distribution (use) of energy, material or information. The program is defined by the machine in its design (hours, ATM) or externally - by punched cards, magnetic tapes, and so on. N. (Computers, computer-controlled machine), photocopying or simulator (AVM, tracking system, the interpolator). 2) In cybernetics - mathematical models of real or potential systems principally engaged in the transformation of digital information. AUTOMATION, use of technology, economic and mathematical methods and systems of control that would exempt a person partially or completely from direct participation in the processes of acquisition, conversion, transmission and use of energy, material or information. Automate: 1) technological, energy, transport and others. Manufacturing processes; 2) design of complex units, ships, industrial buildings, industrial complexes; 3) organization, planning and management in the framework of the shop, plant, construction, industry, military unit, connections, etc .; 4) scientific research, medical and technical diagnostics, recording and processing of statistical data, programming, engineering calculations, and others. The goal of automation - improving productivity and efficiency, improve product quality, optimize the management, removal of a person from working in conditions that are hazardous to health. Automation - one of the main directions of scientific and technical progress. Automated control systems (ACS), a set of mathematical methods, technical means (computers, communications equipment, display units, and so on. D.) And organizational systems to ensure sound management of a complex object (process) in accordance with a predetermined pattern. ACS consists of a base part and functional. The basis consists of information, technical and software. For functional parts include a set of interrelated programs that automate specific functions of management (planning, financial and accounting activities, and others.). ACS distinguish objects (process - process control systems, now - CAM, industry - OASU) and functional automated systems, eg., Design, calculation, logistics and others. Software. Automated workstation (AWS), operator station, Manager, designers, engineers, and others., Equipped with computer equipment to automate the processes of processing and displaying the information necessary to perform production tasks. Automatism (Fiziol.), The ability of the cell, tissue or organ to the rhythmic, periodic or aperiodic spontaneous activity with no apparent links to external motives for (eg., Contraction of the heart). AUTOMATION, 1) theoretical and applied knowledge of automatically operating devices and systems. 2) The set of mechanisms and devices, operating automatically. AUTOMATIC LINE, the system of machines, main and auxiliary equipment, automatically performing the entire process of manufacturing or processing of the product or part of the production. Distinguish automatic lines: special (treatment of certain products), specialized (processing the same type of products in a certain range of parameters) and universal (making a wide range of products of the same type). AUTOMATIC ROTARY LINE see. Rotary line. Automatic control systems, collection of managed objects and automatic measuring and control devices in which information processing, the formation of teams and their conversion to the impact on the controlled object are carried out without human intervention. Automatic telephone exchange (PBX), provides all the necessary connections to the telephone network (without human intervention) to organize talks on signals from the telephone call. Automatic weapons, firearms (machine guns, pistols, sub-machine guns, automatic rifles, automatic guns, etc..), In which the energy of powder gases when firing is used to report the pool (projectile) movement, reloading and production of the next shot. Appeared in the 2nd floor. 19 in. Automedon (Automedon), in Greek mythology (in Homer) charioteer of Achilles. CAR (from the car ... and armor. Mobilis - mobile, easy to move), trackless transport machine is mainly on wheels, driven by its own engine (internal combustion, electric or steam). The first car with a steam engine built by J. Cugnot (France) in 1769-70, with an internal combustion engine - Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Benz (Germany) in 1885-86. Rotation from the engine is transmitted clutch, gearbox, differential and wheels (Drive). Distinguish passenger vehicles (cars and buses), trucks, special (fire, sanitation, etc..) And racing. The speed of cars to 300 km / h, racing up to 1020 km / h (1993), payload trucks up to 180 m. The automotive industry, mechanical engineering industry, which produces cars and trucks (in Vol. H. Special purpose entities), buses, trailers as well as their parts, components and assemblies. Arose in the context. 19 in. France, Germany, USA, UK. In Russia, the serial production of cars began in the Russian-Baltic Shipyard; Just 1909-15 produced St. 600 cars. The automotive industry is characterized by a high level of expertise, broad cooperation, advanced technology, in Vol. H. The use of a conveyor assembly. Annually in the world produce 40-45 million. Vehicles, of which St. 1/4 trucks and buses. Approx. 1/2 of all new cars are produced to replace retiring from the system as a result of wear and tear or obsolescence. CAR, special troops for the transport of materiel, casualty evacuation, transport of troops. In some armies are called transport troops. Automobile and Engine Institute Central Research (NAMI), founded in 1918 in Moscow (until 1921 the Laboratory for Scientific and Technical Department of the Supreme Economic Council). Research and development in the design of vehicles and their equipment. Since 1989, the NGO vehicles, automobile, tractor and combine engines (NGOs NAMI). CAR PARK, 1) a set of different cars are motor, buses and trailers enterprises, institutions, agencies (in Vol. H. In a military unit, connection), in the whole country and the world. 2) Specially equipped storage (parking), maintenance and repair of motor vehicles. ROAD TRAIN, a car with a semi-trailer, one or more trailers, join trailer towing or musculoskeletal fifth wheel and having common with the car brake system and electrical equipment. There are cargo, passenger (bus with trailer) and special. Auto Racing, competition for racing, sports, production cars (racing on the highway and racetrack, rally, race on the establishment of records and others.) And maps - karting. The International Automobile Federation (FIA; founded in 1904), 97 countries (1992). World Championships since 1925, with Europe 1935. ROAD TRANSPORT see. Transport. Model car, designing and building models in vehicles in technical or sporting purposes. Self-similarity, a special symmetry of a physical system, which consists in the fact that the change in the scope of the independent variables describing the system, can be compensated by a similarity transformation (see. Similarity theory) other. Dynamical variables. Scaling is inherent in many physical systems, and greatly simplifies the description of phenomena in these systems (eg., In aeromechanics and elementary particle physics). See. Also similar physical, similarity criteria. Self-similar SPORTS competitions designing and manufacturing car models in the management of sea trials on special routes. In the European Federation of Sports of the self (founded in 1949) 9 countries (1991). European Championships since 1949. The World of the self-organization of sport (WMCR; founded in 1979) from 11 countries (1992). World Championships since 1980. Railcar (fr. Automotrice, letters. - Self-propelled), self-propelled rail car with an internal combustion engine. To railcars sometimes hooked 1-2 wagon. Auton (by car ... and Greek. Onyma - name), the real name of the author, writing under a pseudonym. Autonomous Italica (d. 313), the martyr bishop Italica. During the persecution of Emperor Diocletian retired in Bithynia, where he was killed by locals-pagans. Memory in the Orthodox Church 12 (25) of September. Autonomy 1) konstitutsinnom right - the right to the territory of their own exercise state power within the limits granted by the Constitution. 2) independently of any scientific or educational institutions - eg., University autonomy. AUTONOMY (by car ... and Greek. Nomos - law), in ethics - a private law, definability of a phenomenon of its own national laws. The opposite of autonomy - heteronomy. Autonomous ethics, see. Art. Ethics. AUTONOMY ship, length of continuous sailing ship without replenishment; combat ships autonomy - the duration of continuous combat operations without replenishment of ammunition (and in aircraft carriers and aviation fuel). Autonomy ships of various classes with normal (non-nuclear) power plant - from 7 to 90 days. Autonomous power source, provides electricity to devices that are not connected to the power line (PTL). Distinguish independent sources of power, structurally combined with consumers (batteries, solar panels and so on. D.), And the offset type (mobile power, mobile power and others.). AVTONOMOV Isidorovich Alexander (1890-1919), a member of the Civil War; in 1918 Chief of the Army, the armed forces of the Kuban Soviet Republic. Auto Attendant (by car ... and armor. Operor - working) 1) Automated Attendant machine - a device for automatic tool change in multistage machine. Control the position of each tool automatically. 2) Automated Attendant hydroelectric power - the system of automatic devices, providing the command to start and stop the hydroelectric units when changing the mode of operation due to changes in pressure and flow rate, as well as load power system, which consists of hydroelectric power plants. AUTOPILOT (by car ... and French. Pilote - the head, the leader), a device for automatic stabilization and flight control of the aircraft. The signals of the current and the desired position of the vehicle in the space served in the computing device that provides signals to the actuators controlling the rudder or power plant. Autopilot performs predetermined flight program, freeing the pilot from the hard work of the management plane on a long flight. Autotetraploids (by car ... and polyploidy), hereditary changes, consisting in a multiple increase in the number of sets of chromosomes in the cells of plants, rarely animals of the same species. On the basis of artificial autotetraploids received new forms and varieties of buckwheat, rye, sugar beet, etc.. Description (from cars ... and portrait), portrait of the artist, made his own. In the self-portrait of the artist expresses his self-awareness, self evaluation and creative principles. AVTOPROKLADCHIK, the device automatically plots the vessel on the navigation map on the basis of testimony gyro data and the distance traveled. Previously called avtoprokladchik odografom. Autoradiography (by car ... and radiography) registration method raspreleniya radioactive substances in the object. Film to radiation sensitive emulsion applied to the surface (cut). Radioactive substances, as it were photographed themselves (hence the name). Places blackening on the film after development correspond to the localization of radioactive particles. Used in biology, medicine, and engineering. ABSTRACT (by car ... and abstracts), a summary of the author of the content of his scientific work, work. Authorized translation, translation, approved by the author of the original. Authoritarianism (from Lat. Auctoritas - power), power system, characteristic of anti-democratic political regimes. Usually combined with a personal dictatorship. By historical forms of authoritarianism are Asian despotism, tyrannical and absolutist form of government antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times, the military police and fascist regimes, the various embodiments of totalitarianism. AUTHORITY (from Lat. Auctoritas - power, influence), in the broadest sense - the impact of a recognized person or organization in various spheres of public life, based on knowledge, moral virtues, experience; narrow - a form of exercise of power. COPYRIGHT table in library science alphabetical list of common initial letter combinations, numbered in Arabic numerals, which identifies the author's sign - the symbol name of the author or the first word of the title of the work. Used for placement of printed works in alphabetical order. The author's contract, the contract between the author (or his heirs) and publishing, theater, film studio, and so on. N. The use of works of literature, science or art (publishing, staging, scenic and others. The copyright transfer agreement). In Russian law shall determine the conditions of copyright civil law. AUTHOR'S LIST, unit volume of a literary work, is 40 thousand. Characters, or 700 lines of poetic material, or 3 thousand. Cm2 printed graphic material. COPYRIGHT Section civil law, which regulates the relations connected with the creation and use (publication, performance, and so on. D.) Works of science, literature and art expressed in oral, written or other objective form allowing their reproduction. Copyright applies to works to be released and not released. Governed by national law and international conventions on the protection of copyright. Copyrights are among the objects of intellectual property. Autopilot (girorulevoy) elektronavigatsionny device for automatic retention of the vessel on course. Action based on autopilot is turned on automatically when the steering gear off course. Autopilot works in conjunction with the gyrocompass or others. Lightbar. Avtorhanov Abdurahman Genazovich (1908-97), Russian historian and writer. Until 1943 the Soviet Union (in 1937 repressed), then deported to German troops occupied North. Caucasus to Germany, where he stayed after the war. Proceedings of the totalitarian system in the Soviet Union - "The history of the cult of personality in the Soviet Union" (a series of lectures on the radio), "Technology of Power" (1959, published in Russian in 1991), "The Mystery of Stalin's death (conspiracy Beria)" (1976, published in Russia in 1992 ); "Empire of the Kremlin. The Soviet type of colonialism" (1988, Vilnius, 1990); "Memoirs" (1983). Motor Show, an exhibition (or section) to demonstrate new models of cars. The self-timer in the photo - a device that provides automatic shutter camera in 10-15 seconds after turning it on. AVTOSTERILNOST (by car ... and sterility) (samosterilnost), inability hermaphrodite plants and animals that form a normal male and female gametes of self-fertilization. These organisms usually occurs cross-fertilization. Hitchhiker (by car ... and English. Stop - stop) device (electrical, mechanical) for the automatic braking of the train at the approach to inhibit the movement of the track signals. Freeway (ital. Autostrada) (motorway), highways, usually long-distance and high-bandwidth, with a dividing strip to divide the opposing traffic flows, with no crossings at the same level as the others. Ways. Designed for high-speed mass transport. AVTOSTROP see. Sling. Coupler, a device for automatic clutch (in a collision or pressed) locomotives and cars with manual disengagement. Auto type (by car ... and Greek. Typos - imprint, shape), 1) photomechanical process platemaking with relief recording element. It is used to play halftone images (photographs, drawings and watercolors. N.) Means printing. 2) A reprint of a bitmap (see. Raster) cliché. Autotomy (by car ... and Greek. Tome - clipping) (self-mutilation), the ability of some animals with a sharp irritation spontaneously cast a part of your body (sea anemone tentacles cast, crayfish - claws, lizard - tail). Lost body parts usually restored. Autotransformers, electric transformer with a single winding having a plurality of terminals for connection to an AC power source and the load. Powerful autotransformers are used to connect electrical networks having similar values of voltages, low power adjustable - in laboratory practice. Autotrophs (by car ... and Greek. Trophe - food, nutrition) (autotrophic organisms), organisms are synthesized from inorganic substances (mainly water, carbon dioxide, inorganic nitrogen compounds) necessary for living organic matter, using the energy of photosynthesis (all green plants - phototrophs) or chemosynthesis (some bacteria - Chemotroph). Autotrophs, the main producers of organic matter in the biosphere, ensure the existence of all the others. Organisms. Avg. Heterotrophs. PHASE FOCUSING (phase stability), lies in the fact that on average, for a large group of accelerated high-energy particles (due to the dependence of the time interval between subsequent acceleration of the total energy of the particle) is automatically maintained synchronicity (resonance) between the motion of the particles and the accelerating electric field. AVTOHORIYA (by car ... and Greek. Choreo - I advance), distribution of seeds and spores of plants using the tools of the plant itself, without the wind, animals and others. External agents (eg., From the bean pod bursts). Autochthonous (from the Greek. Autochthon - local, indigenous), in geology - a part of the folded structures remain in place during the formation of tectonic sheets - in contrast allochthonous. Autochthonous rocks, rock, raw material which appeared on the site of its formation (eg., Coal). Autochthonous (Aboriginal), in biology - species (genera), a family of organisms that since its formation are found in the area. Eg., The platypus - autochthon Australia, wild potatoes - South autochthon. America. Avg. Allochthonous. Field emission (tunnel emission, field emission), the emission of electrons from the surface of solids and liquids under the influence of a strong electric field; due to the tunnel effect. HOLDINGS (fr. Avoir, letters. - Property), 1) assets (cash, checks, transfers, letters of credit), through which payment is made and canceled commitments. 2) Due to banks in foreign currency in his accounts in foreign banks. 3) The contribution of private individuals in banks. AVUDIM Tenedossky (d. Early. 4 in.), The Christian martyr; born with a. Tenedos in the Aegean Sea; suffered in the persecution of Diocletian. Memory in the Orthodox Church 15 (28) of July. Abundius the Sacristan of Rome (d. 258), the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of the Emperor Valerian. Memory in the Orthodox Church 13 (26) of August. Avunculate (from Lat. Avunculus - maternal uncle), custom, sets out the rights and obligations between the maternal uncle and nephew. Continues to be associated with children born mother in the era of patriarchy. Known to many as a relic of the ancient and some modern nations. AVTSYN Alexander Pavlovich (1908-93), the Russian physiologist and pathologist, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1965). Since 1961 - Director of the Institute of Human Morphology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Works on the histopathology of the nervous system, pathological anatomy of infectious diseases, cytopathology. Pioneering work on t. N. Geographic pathology (see. Medical geography). Experimentally demonstrated in 1960 the effect of hormones on the development of certain brain tumors. Described one of the signs of typhus - the presence of conjunctival scars. AGA, tailless amphibians family of toads. Length up to 25 cm. South. and the Centre. America yeah diluted in sugar cane plantations for the extermination of insects. Allocation of skin glands toxic (poison Strelna). AHA (Turk. - Mr.), the title of officer in the Ottoman Empire. In modern Turkish village - a wealthy farmer. Agha Mohamed Khan Qajar (1742-97), the Shah of Iran from 1796, the founder of the Qajar dynasty. Agababyan Gareginovich Gregory (1911-77), an Armenian architect, Honored Artist of Armenia (1961). Central Market Hall (1952), B. Hrazdan Bridge (1956) and bus (1961) in Yerevan. Agave (1 in.), The Christian prophet mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (11:28, 21: 10-11); Apostle of the 70, the martyr, the victim, according to legend, in Antioch. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) January 8 (21) of April. Agave genus of perennial plants of the family agave. St. 300 species, from the southern United States to northern areas of South. America, but particularly in Mexico. Bloom once in their life, forming a spike up to 12 m with many flowers (up to 17 thousand.), And then die. Some species are bred in the tropics for fiber (t. N. Sisal) in Mexico of sweet agave juice is prepared alcoholic drink pulque. Many species are grown as ornamental plants. Agave, in Greek mythology, daughter of Cadmus and Harmony, the sister of Semele. Refused to believe that the god Dionysus, for which he was punished by madness. Together with the Bacchantes during an orgy broke into pieces the body of his son Pentheus. AGAVVA (Avvas) Ishmaelite, Syria (5 in.), A Christian monk of desert, had worked in the Syrian desert; disciple of St. Eusebius of Syria. Memory in the Orthodox church on November 22 (December 5). Agaw languages, see. Cushitic languages. Aghajanov Artemyevitch Paul (b. 1923), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1984). Major works on scientific and technical issues of information security. Lenin Prize (1957). AGHAJANYAN Meliksetovich Stepan (1863-1940), an Armenian painter, People's Artist of Armenia (1938). Psychological portraits ("Uncle Sedrak" self-portrait - both 1926). Aghajari, gazokondesatno-oil field, one of the largest in Iran, within the Persian Gulf oil and gas basin. Opened in 1938. The initial oil reserves 1.3 billion. M of gas 263 billion. M3. Oil density of 0.85 g / cm3, the content of S 1,42%. Agadir, a city and port in Morocco, the administrative center prov. Agadir. 700 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). International Airport. Canned fish and cement industry. Recreation and tourism center. Founded in the 16th century. Agachi Leonid Yakovlevich (1910-77), Chuvash writer. Story "One day in the spring" (1939) about the social conflicts in the country, "Soldier's Children" (1965), "Hope" (1971), a collection of stories "Soldiers" (1975), children's books, translations.

FRIEDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE / ФРИДРИХ ВИЛЬГЕЛЬМ НИЦШЕ

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