Меню
Личный кабинет Вход и регистрация
Регистрация
Назад » »

ИЗ СЛОВАРЕЙ (172)


Borjomi Gorge, river gorge. Kur, between Meskheti and Trialet hr. M. Caucasus, Georgia. The depth of up to 1500 m, length of 60 km. Leaved and coniferous forests. Borzna, city (1966) in Ukraine, Chernihiv region., 14 km from the railway Art. Daughter. 12.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Brickyard, food enterprises. Founded in the 16th century. Borzov Alexander Alexandrovich (1874-1939), the Russian physical geographers, geomorphology. Professor of Moscow State University (1918), Honored Scientist of Russia (1935). Set some patterns of erosion and moraine landscape of plains, valleys causes of asymmetry and Mesopotamia. Valery Borzov Philippovich (b. 1949), Ukrainian sportsman (athletics), Honoured Master of Sports (1970). Olympic champion (1972), repeated champion of Europe and the USSR (1969-76) in the women's 100m and 200m. The President of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine (since 1991). Borzov Ivan Ivanovich (1915-74), commander, Air Marshal (1972). Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). During the Great Patriotic War, made 147 sorties. Greyhound, a group of breeds of hunting dogs of ancient origin. From the large (over. 20) of famous Russian rock hounds, is fast running. Hunting with hounds (hare, fox, wolf, etc.) Are usually on horseback (with 2-3 or more dogs). BORI, a village in the district of Karagaulskom Georgia, where the open (beg. 20 in.) Of the first century burial ground. n. e. with rich grave goods: weapons, gold and silver utensils, ornaments and others. borides, chemical boron compounds with metals. Crystals, very hard, refractory, heat-resistant. Solid components and superalloys, refractory materials, abrasion resistant coatings, the cathodes of electronic devices. Boriding, saturation of the surface of steel and other metals with boron to increase the hardness, heat resistance and abrasion resistance (especially abrasion). BORIS (? -1015), Prince of Rostov, the son of Prince Vladimir I. Killed supporters Svjatopolka I. Together with his brother Gleb canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. Boris I (? -907), Bulgarian prince 852-889. In 864 introduced Christianity (the Orthodox sample). Boris III (1894-1943), King of Bulgaria in 1918-43. Contributed to the revolution (1923) A. Tsankov. Conducted pro-German foreign policy. Boris (? -1461), The great Prince of Tver to 1425. In alliance with Dmitry Shemyaka fought against Basil II the Dark, later reconciled with him. He fought with Novgorod (1446). On his orders, the chronicle was compiled outlining the history of the world up to 1453. Boris Godunov (c. 1552-1605), the Russian tsar to put forward during 1598. Oprichnina; brother of the wife of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich and de facto ruler of the state with him. Strengthen the central government, relying on the nobility; strengthened enslavement krestyan.BORIS Fedorovich Godunov [approx. 1549 or 1552 - 13 (23) April 1605, Moscow], Russian tsar.Proiskhozhdenie Legend Godunovs descended from Tatar prince Chet, who came to Russia during the reign of Ivan Kalita. This legend is listed in the annals of the early 17th century. By sovereign rodoslovtsu 1555 Godunovs (as Saburovy, Sonya) were derived from Dmitry grain. They were, apparently, Kostroma votchinniki. With all the support of this view is not excluded that some element of truth contained in the legend about Chet. It is no accident that the founders of the individual branches of the descendants of Chet were the names of Tatar origin (Sabur, Guodong) .Otets BF Godunov died in the late 60s. Son became oprichnik. He was married to the daughter of the king's favorite Malyuta Skuratov. Since the early 1570's. marks the rise of Godunov. Sam Boris Fedorovich, although became a boyar in September 1580, but in the circle of close Tsar Ivan the Terrible people had not yet come. At least, at the wedding of the king with Maria Nagaya (November 1580), he won only be "friend" the queen. But revealing the increased role of the family: at this wedding was attended by the whole clan Godunov. They slowly but steadily climbed the ladder at the end 1570 - early 1580s. they won several parochial affairs, finding quite a strong position among the Moscow znati.Godunov was clever and cautious, trying from time to time to keep in the shade. His sister Irene was married the king's son, Fyodor. Rise of Godunov - the fruit of historical accident and at the same time a manifestation of the general pattern of self-development of Russian society. Would have remained in the history of Boris one of many Godunov if November 9, 1581 in the Alexander settlement not had a quarrel with the king's son Ivan. Terrible hit his stick and hit the temple, and in ten days (19 November) the prince died. With the death of Ivan became heir to the throne in 1584 Fedor.Do Godunov was not close to the king. However, some of the actions and intentions of Grozny radically affected the interests of Godunov, especially Boris: the king wanted to marry Mary Hastings, a relative of Queen Elizabeth and dilute with childless Fedor Irina Godunov. In the last year of the life of King Boris Godunov gained great influence at court. Together with BJ Belsky he became one of the closest people of Ivan the Terrible. It is not entirely clear role in the history of Godunov king's death. March 18, 1584 Terrible, according to D. Gorseya was "strangled". It is possible that against the king was a plot. However, anthropologist Mikhail Gerasimov, who studied the remains of the king rejected the version of strangulation. In any case, it Godunov and Belsky were with the king in the last minutes of his life, they are the same people from the porch announced the death gosudarya.Na throne Fedor. The new king was not able to run the country and needed a smart adviser. For the right to be a spokesman for the new monarch broke a bitter struggle, and from Boris emerged victorious. 14 years held the throne Fedor;. at least 13 of them Godunov was the actual ruler. Domestic and foreign policy of the government of Godunov Godunov Government activities aimed at the full consolidation of the state. Thanks to his efforts in 1588 was elected the first Russian patriarch, who became the Metropolitan Job. The establishment of the patriarchate evidence of the increased prestige of Russia. In domestic policy, the government Godunov prevailed common sense and prudence. Unfolded an unprecedented construction of cities, fortifications. On the scale was carried out and the church building. Godunov sought to alleviate the plight of the townspeople. First major service people kept merchants and artisans in their "white village" exempt from state taxes. Now everyone who is involved in trade and crafts, were to join the townspeople communities and participate in payment obligations to the treasury - "pull the tax." Thus, the number of taxpaying people has increased, and the severity of each payer fees decreased as the total amount remained unchanged. Economic crisis 1570s and early 1580s. forced to go on the establishment of serfdom. In 1597 a decree was issued on the "time limit years", according to which the peasants who had fled from the Masters "until this year ... in five years" subject to investigation, trial and return "back where hto lived." At fled six years ago before the decree did not apply, to their former owners did not return. In foreign policy Godunov proved himself as a talented diplomat. May 18, 1595 in Tyavzine (near Ivangorod) the peace treaty between Russia and Sweden. Godunov was able to take advantage of the complex political situation in Sweden - and Russia, according to the agreement, regained Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye and parish Korela. The reign of Godunov's path to the throne for Godunov was not easy. In the town of Uglich grew up specific heir to the throne Dmitri, the son of the sixth wife of Ivan the Terrible. May 15, 1591 Prince died under unclear circumstances. The official investigation conducted lord VI Shumsky. Trying to please Godunov he reduced the causes of the incident to "neglect" the naked, bringing Dmitry accidentally stabbed himself with a knife, playing with peers. Tsarevich was seriously ill "falling sickness" (epilepsy). Give this child a knife in his hands, in fact, was criminal. It is possible that the death of Dmitry Godunov was involved himself: it was enough to allow the prince through the nurse a sick child to play with a knife. January 6, 1598 the king died Fedor, and on February 17 Zemsky Sobor elected to the throne of his brother-in Boris Godunov. He was supported, because the activity of a powerful appreciates contemporaries. Boris's reign marked the beginning of Russia's rapprochement with the West. Was not in Russia before the emperor, who so delighted to foreigners, as Godunov. He began to invite foreigners to the service, freeing them from taxes. The new king even wanted to write from Germany, England, Spain, France and other countries scientists to establish a high school in Moscow, where to teach different languages, but this was opposed church. Boris's reign began successfully. However, it soon broke truly terrible events. In 1601 there were long rains, and then burst out early frosts and, according to a contemporary, "Mraz pobi stronger than any work of human affairs in Polekh." The following year, a poor harvest repeated. There was a famine that lasted three years. The price of bread increased by 100 times. Boris forbade to sell bread more expensive than a certain limit, even resorting to the persecution of those who inflated prices, but success is not achieved. In an effort to help the starving, he spared no means, widely distributing money to the poor. But bread is expensive, and the money to lose value. Boris ordered to open for hungry royal granaries. However, even their reserves are not enough for all the hungry, the more so after learning of the hand, people from all over the country flocked to Moscow, leaving the meager supplies that were still in their homes. About 127 thousand. People who died from starvation, was buried in Moscow, and had time to bury not all. There were cases of cannibalism. People began to think that it is - God's punishment. Arose the belief that the reign of Boris is not blessed by God because it is iniquity, and achieved true. Therefore, can not end good. In 1601-1602 Godunov went even temporary restoration St. George's Day. However, he allowed no output, but only removal of the peasants. Noblemen thus saved their names from the final desolation and ruin. Permission given Godunov concerned only small serving people, it did not apply to the land of members of the Boyar Duma and the clergy. But the move did not increase the popularity of the king. Popular revolt began. The largest was a rebellion led by Ataman Cotton, broke out in 1603. It was attended mostly Cossacks and serfs. The king's troops were able to break the rebels, but failed to pacify the country - it was pozdno.Po country were rumors that this prince alive. Godunov appreciated the threat hanging over him: in comparison with the "natural born" sovereign he - no. Not accidentally detractors called him - "rabotsar" In the beginning of 1604 was intercepted letter from a foreigner from Narva, which declared that the Cossacks is miraculously escaped Dmitry, and Moscow will soon come upon the earth a great misfortune. Search showed that an impostor - who defected in 1602 in Poland, Grigory tow, came from the Galician dvoryan.16 Lzhedmitry October 1604 with a handful of Poles and Cossacks moved to Moscow. Even curse Moscow Patriarch has not cooled the national enthusiasm. In January 1605, government forces nevertheless defeated the impostor, who was forced to Putyvl. But the power of the impostor was not in the army, and in the faith of the people, that he - the rightful heir to the throne. By Dmitry Cossacks began to flock from all suburbs Rossii.13 April 1605 Boris Godunov seemed happy and healthy, lots and ate with gusto. Then he climbed the tower, which often surveyed Moscow. Soon came out, saying that he felt dizzy. They called the doctor, but the king has become worse: from the ears and nose bled. King fainted and died shortly afterwards. There were rumors that Godunov in a fit of despair poisoned. He was buried in the Kremlin Cathedral of the Archangel. The king was the son of Boris - Fedor, a young man educated and extremely intelligent. Soon there was a rebellion in Moscow, provoked Falsdmitry. Tsar Fyodor and his mother was killed, leaving alive only daughter of Boris - Xenia. Her fate was waiting cheerless concubines impostor. It was officially announced that the king Fedor and his mother poisoned. Their bodies were paraded. Then out of the cathedral carried the coffin of Boris and reburied in Varsonofevskom monastery near the Lubyanka. Ibid buried and his family: no funeral service as suicides. References: Skrynnikov RG social and political struggle in the Russian state at the beginning of the XVII century. L. 1985.Zimin A. On the eve of the terrible shocks. M., 1986.Pavlov AP Sovereign yard and political struggle under Boris Godunov (1584-1605). SPb., 1992.A. L. Yurganov BORISEVICH Nikolai Alexandrovich (b. 1923), a physicist, academician (1969) and president of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus (1969-87; 1992 Honorary President), Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1981), Hero of Socialist Labor (1978) . Major works on luminescence, infrared spectroscopy, quantum electronics. Lenin Prize (1980), the USSR State Prize (1973). Borislav, city (1940) in Ukraine, Lviv region. Railway station. 41.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Chemical, light industry; plants: porcelain, synthetic diamonds and diamond tools; Furniture Factory and others. Known since 1387. Near the Borislav oil production, mineral wax. Borisov, the city (since 1795) in Belarus, Minsk. Railway station. 150.2 thousand. Zhitieley (1991). Mechanical Engineering (Software "screen", etc.), Wood, chemical and chemical-pharmaceutical, food, light industry; production of musical instruments, crystal and other. History Museum. Founded in 1102, with the con. 12 in. belonged to Lithuania, Poland and then, from 1793 in the Russian Empire. Alexander A. Borisov (1866-1934), a Russian artist. Disciple and successor of the tradition AIKuindzhi. As a result of traveling across the tundra, the shores of the White m. And the Arctic approx. on the new. Earth has become a pioneer in his landscapes of the Far North for Russian iso-art. Borisov Alexander Fedorovich (1905-82), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1951), Hero of Socialist Labor (1981). Since 1928 the Leningrad Theater. Pushkin. Filmed in the movies: "Academician Ivan Pavlov", "Mussorgsky" and others. USSR State Prize (1947, 1950, 1951 - twice). Borisov Vasily (b. 1939), scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991). Major works on the phase-locked loop, reception and broadband noise-like signals, the development of frequency synthesizers. USSR State Prize (1983) Borisov Leonid Brezhnev (1897-1972), Russian writer. Started out as a poet. Popularity received after the publication of the novel "The Knight" (1927). At the center of many of his works - the life of Russian and foreign writers and composers (A. Green, J. Verne, R. Stevenson, Rachmaninov and others.). Books: "Nezakatnoe Sun" (1940), "The Wizard of Gel-Gyu" (1945), "Under the guise of Catriona" (1957), "His own heart" (1966) and others. Oleg Borisov (Albert) Ivanovich (1929- 94), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1978). On the scene since 1951. Since 1964 the Leningrad Bolshoi Drama Theater. Gorky (Gregory Melekhov in the "Quiet Flows the Don" by MA Sholokhov, and others.) In 1983-1989 at the Moscow Art Theatre (1987 Moscow Academic Art Theater. Chekhov), from 1989 at the Central Academic Theater of the Soviet Army (1993 Central Academic Theatre of the Russian Army) (Paul "Paul I" DSMerezhkovsky). Game Borisov peculiar intellectual acuity, psychological subtlety manner, using techniques of the grotesque. Filmed in the movies: "Stop the train", "gardener", "servant" and others. USSR State Prize (1978, 1991), the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1991). Borisov Trofim Mikhailovich (1882-1941), Russian writer. In prose, marked by the richness of the Russian language and masterful image of nature, refers to the life of fishermen on the Siberian rivers and the Pacific approx. Books: "The Secret of the small river" (1927), "On the wide Pleso Cupid" (1938), "On the shores of Kamchatka" (1939) and others. BORISOVA Julia K. (b. 1925), the Russian actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1969) Hero of Socialist Labor (1985). Since 1949 in the Theater. Vakhtangov. (Val in "Irkutsk history" Arbuzov, 1959, Nastasia in "The Idiot" by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, 1958, Cleopatra in "Antony and Cleopatra" by William Shakespeare, 1971). Filmed in the movies "Three meetings", "The Idiot", "Ambassador of the Soviet Union" and others. State Prize of the Russian Federation (1994). Victor Borisov-Musatov Elpidiforovich (1870-1905), a Russian painter. Exquisitely decorative, elegiac in mood paintings express the dream of harmony between man and nature ("Reservoir", 1902). Victor Borisov-Musatov Elpidiforovich [2 (14) in April 1870, Saratov - October 26 (November 8), 1905, Tarusa] Russian artist. One of the most significant artists of symbolism in Russian zhivopisi.Vyhodets family of a railway worker, he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1890-91, 1893-95), at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts Chistyakov (1891-93) as well as in the studio F. Cormon (1895-98) in Paris. From 1898 he lived mainly in Saratov, 1903 - in Podolsk and Taruse.Ispytav influence P. Puvis de Chavannes and partly impressionist masters, joined the finest sense of the natural light and air to the poetic imagination, transforming this environment in the field of mirages and nostalgic dreams. Already in the early plein air sketches, paintings Borisov-Musatov lives feeling exhilarating inexplicable mystery ("Window", 1886, Tretyakov Gallery). The main motive through which the artist opens the "other world", hidden under the mirage of colors, are "Gentry" dilapidated old manor house (he usually worked in the estates and Sleptsovka Zubrilovka in Saratov region). Smooth, "musical" rhythms paintings again and again reproduce favorite topics Borisov-Musatov: this corner of the park and female figures (the sister and wife of the artist) that seem images of human souls wandering in the other realm of sleep. Most of his works master prefers oil watercolor, tempera and pastel, seeking special, "melting" ease mazka.Ot picture to picture ("Tapestry", 1901; "Pond", 1902; "Ghosts", 1903) sense of "the other world" growing; in "Requiem" (1905), written in memory of deceased sister, we already see the whole multi-figured the mystery of where the dead accompany her "astral double." In parallel, the wizard creates and clean, desolate landscapes, full of the finest lyricism ("hazel bush", "Autumn Song", both - 1905). He tends to be large, monumental style wall paintings, but all the plans of this kind (for example, a series of sketches on the theme of the seasons, 1904-05, all - Tretyakov Gallery) and can not be carried out in arhitekture.Mechtatelny artist's temperament ("I live in the world dreams and fantasies among birch groves, dozed off in a deep sleep autumn mist "- he writes Alexander Benois in 1905 from Tarusa) does not deprive his works a sense of historicity. Poetics of estate life filled with him (as well as in the literature of the time - in the works of Anton Chekhov, Ivan Bunin, A. White, and others.) Premonition of approaching fatal, catastrophic boundaries. The early death of his master strengthened the perception of images as lyrical requiem dedicated to the old Russia. Borisov-Musatov was the immediate predecessor of artists "Blue Rose", which brings together, in particular, a deep respect for his naslediyu.Literatura: Rusakov A. VE Borisov-Musatov. L .; M., O. Ya 1966.Kochik Picturesque system VE Borisov-Musatov. M., 1980.M. Sokolov Borisoglebskaya city (from 1698) in the Russian Federation, Voronezh region., At p. Crow. Railway station. 72.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Mechanical Engineering (Chemical Engineering Plant et al.), Light and food industries. Pedagogical Institute. Theater. Museum. Borisoglebskaya, a city in 1777-1822, combined with Mr Romanov in Romanov-Borisoglebsk (1918 - Tutaev). Borisoglebskaya Anna Ivanovna (1868-1939), the Ukrainian actress, People's Artist of Ukraine (1936). Since 1888 in the company of M. Kropivnitskogo, 1925 in Ukrainian Theater. Franco. Monastery of Sts (male), founded in the late. 14 in. near the city of Rostov (Yaroslavl region.). Abolished after the October Revolution. Architectural monument of the 16-17th centuries. Borispol, city (1956) in Ukraine, Kyiv region., 35 km south-east of Kiev. Railway station. 52 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Kiev International Airport. The food, light industry, building materials industry. Known since 1590. BORISFEN, ancient Greek name p. Dnieper and on. Berezan. Borisyak Alexei (1872-1944), a Russian geologist and paleontologist, academician of the USSR (1929), the head of the national scientific school of Vertebrate Paleontology. Initiator and the first director of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR (1930). Major works on tertiary mammals Jurassic invertebrates. USSR State Prize (1943). Borkowski Viktor Ivanovich (1900-82), a Russian linguist, academician of the USSR (1972). Examined the history of syntax East Slavic languages, t. H. Old Russian language, Russian dialects. Linguistic analysis of the Novgorod birchbark documents. USSR State Prize (1970). Borkoldoi ridge in the Inner Tien Shan. Length approx. 100 km. Height up to 5049 m. The semi-desert vegetation. On the northern slope glaciers. Borlaug (Borlaug) Norman Ernest (b. 1914), American scientist-breeder. Since 1944, the International Centre for the Advancement Maize and Wheat (Mexico), from 1966 head. Brought new high-yielding varieties of wheat. Nobel Peace Prize (1970). BORMAN (Bormann), Martin (1900-1945, according to the official version), closest adviser, Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler and his head of the Party Chancellery since 1941. In May 1945 disappeared. At the Nuremberg trials in absentia sentenced to death as one of the major war criminals. In 1973, recognized by the West German court dead. Reliable information about his fate not. BORMAN (Borman) Frank (b. 1928), US astronaut, a retired Air Force colonel. Flying on "Gemini 7" (December 1965), the first ever flight to the Moon with access to a lunar orbit on "Apollo 8" (December 1968). Drills (foot, electric or turbine), rotationally drives Forest - cutting tools for the preparation of dental hard tissues. Bormio (Bormio), Spa centers in Italy, in the Rhaetian Alps, near the border with Switzerland. Winter sports and tourism. BORN (Born) Max (1882-1970), German physicist, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, a foreign corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1924) and honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1934). Since 1933 in the United Kingdom since 1953 in Germany. Gave statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics. Works on the Theory of Lattice Dynamics, atomic physics, optics, philosophy of science. Nobel Prize (1954). BORIC ACID cm. Boric acid. Borno (Bornet) Jean Baptiste Edouard (1828-1911), a French botanist and physician, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1902). Main areas of research are algology and lichenology. Found that the body is formed of lichen algae and fungi. Bornemisza (Bornemisza) Peter (1535-84), a Hungarian priest and writer. Known as a brilliant preacher (the collection "Sermons", vols. 1-5, 1573-79). Translations of Sophocles. Collection of "Sermons" (5 vols., 1573-79). Borneo (Borneo), an island in the Malay Arch., See. Kalimantan. Northern British Borneo, see. Sabah. Born (variegated copper ore), mineral classes sulfides, Cu5FeS4. Dark, copper-red, with a motley tarnish grainy isolation mass. Hardness 3-4; tighter. 4.9-5.3 using g / cm3. Occurs in the zone of cementation hydrothermal deposits. Copper ore. Bournemouth (Bournemouth), a city in the UK. 153 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). Machinery, perfume industry. Climatic health resort in the strait. La Manche. BORNOVOLOKOV Tertius Stepanovich (1764-1813), a Russian scientist, chemical engineer and geologist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1806). Major works on the study of minerals. Member of the circumnavigation on the ship "Neva" (1812-13), died in a shipwreck. Bourne, see. Art. Kanem-Bornu. Bornholm (Bornholm), an island in the south-west of the Baltic Sea., As a part of Denmark. 588 km2. The population of 45.2 thousand. People (1993). Height up to 162 m. Dunes. Coniferous and deciduous forests, and meadows. Port Rennes. Boric acid: metaboric HBO2, orthoboric, or just boric, H3BO3 and polibornye general formula nB2O3. m H2O (eg., tetrabornaya H2B4O7). H3BO3 - tribasic weak acid; in anhydrous as colorless crystals. Applied to the production of special glasses, enamels, chemical and biological practice for the preparation of buffer solutions; in medicine as an antiseptic agent (as an aqueous solution for rinsing the mouth and eye wash, in the form of powders and ointments for skin diseases). Bornyl ORE represented borates (mainly sodium, calcium, magnesium) and borosilicate. The largest deposits are known in the Peoples Republic of China, the Russian Federation, USA, Turkey, Argentina, North Korea, Peru, Chile. The main producing countries: the United States (approx. 60%), Turkey, Argentina. Borobudur (Borobudur), a Buddhist sanctuary in the south of. Java. A unique monument of medieval Indonesian art. Built approx. 800 as a 10-tiered stone pyramid; includes 504 Buddha statues and reliefs on the 1460 theme of Buddha's life. HOG, see. The flue. HOG, castrated boar. Borovik, the same as the white mushroom. Genrikh Borovik (b. 1929), the Russian writer. Anti-militarist, anti-fascist direction in the story ("May in Lisbon," 1975), plays ("Interview in Buenos Aires", 1976; State Prize of the USSR, 1977; "Agent 00", 1982). Novel-essay "Prologue" (1984, USSR State Prize, 1986). Reports. Borovikovsky Vladimir Lukic (1757-1825), a Russian painter. Portraits Borovykovs'kogo inherent features of sentimentalism, a combination of subtlety and elegance of decorative rhythms with the correct transmission character ("MI Lopuchin", 1797). Since the 1800s. was influenced by the classical ("AB Kurakin," 1801-02) .BOROVIKOVSKY (BOROVIK) Vladimir Lukic [24 July (August 4) 1757 Myrgorod - 6 (18) April 1825, St. Petersburg] Russian artist. Ukrainian by birth. One of the best portrait painters of the century Slavic Prosvescheniya.Rodilsya a Cossack family. Original art education from his father-icon painter. Passing military service, engaged in a religious painting in the tradition of the Ukrainian Baroque ["Virgin and Child" (probably icons for Mirhorod Trinity Church) in 1784, the Museum of Ukrainian Art, Kiev]. In 1787 wrote allegorical compositions for grand design ways of Catherine II in Crimea (not preserved), and then moved to St. Petersburg, where he was received in the house of NA Lvov; became friendly with prominent intellectuals of the time (apart from Lviv, with VV Kapnist, GR Derzhavin, NI Khemnitser). Improving skills, since 1792 engaged in the Austrian artist IB Lampi father and using the tips Dmitry Levitsky. Actively implements the experience of Baroque art in religious orders (painting iconostasis Cathedral of Sts in Torzhok, 1790-92, and Iosifovskogo Cathedral in Mogilev, 1793-94; only partially preserved). In the early period of the St. Petersburg creates a lot of miniature portraits, usually painted in oil, but followers of enamel painting ("VV Kapnist", the beginning of 1790, Russian Museum), as well as small-format portrait images that are similar in style to the thumbnail ("G. Derzhavin, "1795;" Torzhkovskaya peasant Christina ", c. 1795, both - the Tretyakov Gallery). Typical for these images lyrical intimacy, attention to private, the "natural" human life and characterized some ceremonial portrait of him (especially the famous portrait of Catherine II (1794, Tretyakov Gallery), shown in the home dress for a walk in the Park). Iridescent, gentle colors organically linked with the landscape background figures. Brush master not only sharpens the individual features as noted general properties enlightened, ennobled human nature, so that most of his characters, especially women, it seems certain related familial relationship. Typical works of this period - portraits NI Kurakina (1795), EN Arsenyev (1796, both - Russian Museum), MI Lopukhina (1797, Tretyakov Gallery). Delicate, dreamy beauty portrait last century later inspired YP Polonsky ("It took a long time - and there are already those eyes, / And no one smiles that silently expressed / Suffering - shadow of love, and thoughts - the shadow of sorrow ... / but the beauty of its Borovikovsky saved ("the portrait of MI Lopukhina", 1885) .Even more officious images Borovykovs'kogo picturesque rhetoric appears not gloss vanity, but an expression of human dignity as such; an example is the portrait of Kurakin (1801 -02, Tretyakov Gallery), in the life of bigoted "peacock", as he was called by his contemporaries. among the most spectacular works of the master owns a portrait of Paul I in coronation robes (1800, Russian Museum). The active, heroic principle, anticipating romanticism, clearly emerges in portrait of General FA Borovsky (1799, ibid). The former air haze gives more contrast color harmonies in the film "Sisters AG and VG Gagarin" (1802); increases willed discipline characters ("Unknown turbaned "(perhaps the writer Jean de Stael, 1812; both - in the Tretyakov Gallery). In 1810-ies Borovikovskiy writes more group portraits, are bringing together different generations ("AI Bezborodko with daughters" in 1803, Russian Museum). In 1804-11 creates a series of coloristic intense religious images for the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. In contrast, in the late secular works manifested rigidity, dryish pedantry manery.V later period Borovikovskiy actively engaged in teaching, organizing at home something like a private school (among his pupils was AG Venetsianov) .Literatura: Alekseev T. V. Borovikovsky and Russian culture at the turn of XVIII-XIX centuries. M., 1975.M. Sokolov Borovykovs'kogo Lev Ivanovich (1806-89), Ukrainian poet, folklorist. Collection of poems "Stories and jokes Borovykovs'kogo Lev" (1852), a romantic poem "Maroussia" (1829), translations of Pushkin, A. Mickiewicz. Borovik-Romanov Victor Andrew S. (b. 1920), a physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1972). Major works on antiferromagnetism. Piezomagnetism opened. Borovinka, old Russian, mostly autumn, apple varieties. Fruits are medium-sized, juicy, sweet and sour, spicy. Productivity of 150-200 kg per tree. Borovichi, city (1770) in the Russian Federation, Novgorod region., At p. MSTA. Railway station. 62.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Mechanical engineering (plants: polymer engineering, woodworking machines), woodworking, light industry; Refractories Plant. Borovkov Alexander A. (b. 1931), Russian mathematician, Academician (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1966). Proceedings on limit theorems of probability theory and its applications. USSR State Prize (1979). Borovkov Aleksandr Konstantinovich (1904-62), a Russian linguist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Works on grammar, history, dialectology, lexicography Turkic languages. Borovkov Alexey (1903-45) aircraft. In the experimental design bureau VF Bolkhovitinov participated in the creation of the first Soviet jet fighter. He died in a plane crash. Borohydride (boron boron hydrides): B2H6 and B4H10 - gas, B5H9 - liquid, B10H14 and others - crystals. Promising for the production of pure boron heat-resistant polymers, in the synthesis of hydrides, carboranes, and others. Borohydride toxic, unpleasant smell. Boar, an urban village in Kazakhstan, Kokchetav region. 7.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Kumysolechebny climatic resort. Konstantin Borovoy Natanovich (b. 1948), Russian statesman, businessman. Prior to the beginning. 1990s. for research and educational work (at VTUZ Automobile them. Likhachev). In the 1990-92 president of the Russian Commodity Exchange. In March 1992 the chairman of the Russian National Bank. Since May 1992 the chairman of the Party of Economic Freedom. Since 1995 Member of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Borowski, a city in the Russian Federation, Kaluga region., At p. Protva, 15 km from the railway Art. Balabanovo. 14.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Textile, food enterprises. Children's toy factory. Apartment Museum of Tsiolkovsky. Known since the 13th century. Near Borovsk - Pafnutiev Borovsky monastery. BOROVSKY Paphnutius Monastery, male, near the town of Borovsk. Founded in 1444, was built mainly in the 16-17 centuries. The city walls and towers (17 in.), Cathedral of the Nativity (16 in., 17 in the painting.), The refectory (16 in.), The bell tower (16-17 cc.) Was abolished after the October Revolution. Bohr radius, the radius a0 first (closest to the nucleus) electron orbit in the hydrogen atom, according to the theory of atomic structure Niels Bohr (1913); a0 - 0,529.10-10 m - 0.529 Alexander Borovsky (Borowski), Tadeusz (1922-1951), a Polish writer. Book of poems "Somewhere Land" (1942), published in the underground; collections of short stories and memories of the Nazi camps "Farewell to Maria", "Stone World" (both 1948). BOROVOE Andrew Ye (1921-89), commander, Colonel-General (1968), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1943, 1945). During the Great Patriotic War in fighter aircraft, the deputy commander of the regiment; 470 sorties, of St. 130 air battles personally shot down 32 and a group of 14 aircraft. Metal borohydrides, compounds of general formula M [BH4] n, where M - metal in oxidation state n. Most important are the alkali metal borohydrides: crystals, insoluble in water, decompose to release H2. Are used as reducing agents, sources of H2, for the preparation of catalysts, metal plating. Warts, non-inflammatory skin nodule viral etiology. Often located on the hands, feet, face. Warts (Nerodich) Jacko (? -1621), The hetman of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, the head of a popular uprising 1619-21. Executed by order of Hetman Pavlo Sagaydachnogo. Warthogs, non-ruminant cloven-hoofed animals of the family of pigs. The body length of up to 1.5 m. They live in savannas and sparse forests of Africa (sub-Saharan). The object of hunting (meat, leather). Synanceia, fish squad Scorpaeniformes. Length up to 40 cm. Naked skin is covered with outgrowths. In the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific approx. At the base of spiny rays of the dorsal fin poisonous glands, which are dangerous poison. Boroday Basil Z. (b. 1917), Ukrainian sculptor, People's Artist of the USSR (1977), member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1973). Generalized form portraits (PG Tychyna, 1963). One of the authors of the building Ukrainian Museum of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 in Kiev (1981; Lenin Prize, 1984). BEARDED GOAT, the same as the bezoar goat. Alexander Borodin Parfen'evich (1848-98), a Russian engineer and scientist, one of the founders of the Russian steam locomotive. Brother I. Borodin. Created (1880-82), the world's first laboratory test of locomotives. Alexander Borodin Porfirevich (1833-87), Russian composer and chemist. Member of the "Mighty Handful". Opera "Prince Igor" (completed Rimsky-Korsakov and Glazunov, 1890) - a sample of the national heroic epic music. One of the founders of Russian classical symphony (2nd, "Warriors", 1876, opened the heroic epic direction in Russian symphonism; symphonic picture "in Central Asia", 1980), Russian classical string quartet. Master vocal lyricism ("For the Shores of Distant Homeland"); introduced the heroic epic romance images, embodies the ideas of liberation 60s. 19 in. ("Sleeping Princess", "Song of the dark forest"). Author of many books on organic chemistry. Developed a method for bromzameshchennyh (1861) and fluorides (1862), organic acids. Opened (1872, odnovremennlo with S. A. Wurtz) aldol condensation. Borodin Ivan Parfen'evich (1847-1930), Russian botanist, academician of the USSR (1925; academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1902, Academician since 1917). Brother Alexander Borodin. Works on the respiratory physiology, anatomy and ecology of plants. Author of famous books, in Vol. H. "Short textbook of Botany" (10 editions in 1888-1911), popular scientific works. Founder (1915) and the first President of the Russian Botanical Society. One of the pioneers of the environmental movement in Russia. Leonid Borodin (b. 1938), the Russian writer and publicist. Since 1965 participated in the "socio-Christian" movement; in 1967-73 and 1982-87 political prisoner. Published abroad: the story "Option" (1978; hero - a political suicide), the novel "The Rules of the Game" (1978; camp theme), "Third Truth" (1981; Russian types of the righteous and the "rebel") - on the social and moral destructiveness atheistic communist regime and the opposition to him the intellectual and man; "Parting" - a novel condemnation and regret metropolitan intellectuals, dissidents thinking about a conformist way of life. In the novel "Bozhepole" (1993) - a picture of "perestroika collapse." Since 1992, the chief editor of "Moscow"; in journalism - a strong focus on the revival of Russian power in the orthodox manner. Borodin Pavel Dmitrievich (b. 1911), the organizer of production, Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). In 1963-82 director of the Moscow Automobile them. Likhachev. State Prize of the USSR (1971, 1981). Sergey Borodin (1902-74), Russian writer, a national writer of Uzbekistan (1973). Historical novel "Dmitry Donskoy" (1941, USSR State Prize, 1942), a trilogy "Stars above Samarkand" (1953-73). Borodin, city (1981) in the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk kr. 18.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Brown coal mining; mica processing. Borodino, a village in the district of Mozhaisk, Moscow Region., Near which in 1812 was the battle of Borodino. Military-Historical Museum and Monuments of military glory. The Battle of Borodino, 26.8 (7.9). 1812 to about. Borodino during the Great Patriotic War of 1812. Russian troops under the command of General Kutuzov (approx. 150 thousand. Man, 640 guns against 135 thousand. Man, 587 guns of the enemy) hard heroic defense and skillful actions thwarted Napoleon's plan for the defeat of the Russian army in a pitched battle. Loss of Napoleon's troops approx. 35 thousand. Man, Russian - 45.6 thousand. Chelovek.BORODINSKOE battle, the general battle between the Russian campaign of 1812 and the Napoleonic troops on August 26 (September 7) in an area. Borodin, 124 km west of Moskvy.Pozitsiya: plans and force storonS the outbreak of hostilities in 1812, Napoleon was betting on the defeat of the Russian armies in the decisive battle, but Russian troops from the almost threefold numerical superiority of the enemy began to retreat into the depths of planned their area. Only after it was reached approximate parity of forces, the troops arrived Aug. 17 new commander in chief MI Golenishtchev-Kutuzov decided to give decisive battle to prevent the French to Moscow. August 22 Russian army approached with. Borodino, where on a proposal from the Chief Quartermaster Colonel KF Toll was chosen flat position to a length of 8 km. It was a brushy and copses hilly plain, through which several small rivers, the channel which passes through a deep ravine. On the left flank Borodino field covered Utitsky impenetrable forest, and usually takes place on the high bank of the river. Kolocha ending at the village. Maslova, which were erected Maslovsky flushes. The right flank was natural obstacles, and the left wing and center positions were in open terrain. Therefore, in the center was built lunette, received different names: Central, mound height, or the battery Rajewski. On the left flank in the same village. Shevardino Russian did not have time to finish the redoubt, which, after a fierce battle on August 24 were forced to leave. By August 26 the left wing were built Semenov (Bagration) Flash (two flushes and Redan between them). The right flank of the battle formations occupied the 1st Western Army (Chief of the General of Infantry Mikhail B. Barclay de Tolly), on the left were part of the 2nd Western Army (Commander of Infantry General Bagration) and the old Smolensk road at d. Utitsa covered selected from the 1st Army 3rd infantry Corps (commanded by Lieutenant-General NA Tuchkov). In reserve were the 5th Guards Corps and part of the cavalry. The depth of the combat formations does not exceed 4 km. Russian took a defensive position and have been deployed in the form of the letter "G" so that the 1st Army of the topography elected position was turned to the enemy is not front and flank. This arrangement was because the Russian command tried to control leading to Moscow Old and New Smolensk road. The more so because there were serious fears of flanking movements of the enemy on the right. That is why in this area was a significant part of the 1st corps of the army. Napoleon decided to put his main attack on the left flank of the Russian army, which at night on August 26 the main forces moved across the river. Kolocha leaving to cover their own cross a few cavalry and infantry battle chastey.Pered Russian troops were under arms about 150 thousand. People (including 9.5 thousand. And 31 thousand Cossacks. Militias) and 640 guns. In the French army in the ranks was 135 thousand. People and 587 guns. The whole question of the number of parties is still the subject of scientific debate among istorikov.Nachalo battle The battle began at 5:00. morning attack parts of the body of the viceroy of Italy E. Beauharnais to the position of the Life Guards regiment of Chasseurs in with. Borodin. The French took possession of the item, but it was their diversionary tactic. At 5:00. 30 min. Napoleon turned his main attack against the 2nd Army Bagration. Housing marshals L.-H. Davoust, M. Ney, Murat I. General A. Junod and repeatedly attacked Semenov flushes (historians count up to eight attacks). When the enemy's plan because of its huge numerical advantage against the Russian left wing became evident, Bagration were transferred troops from neighboring areas and most of the reserves. 1st Army began to regroup and turn the front to the west, 2nd, and then the 4th Infantry Corps were ordered to quickly go to the aid of the left, middle, but there arrive on time, they did not have time, t. To. Separated them too far away .Chasti 2nd Army fought heroically against the superior numbers of the enemy. The first attack occurred in the 2nd position the Combined Grenadier Division, Major-General Mikhail Vorontsov and the 27th Infantry Division, Major-General DP Neverovsky. Then in combat contact with the enemy entered the rest of the 2nd Army; reinforcements immediately engage in. Attacks fought dense rifle and artillery fire, the pressure coming restrained and bloody melee. French repeatedly invaded to flush, but every time after a counter left them. Only to 9:00. they finally captured the fortified Russian left flank, and to try at this time to organize a counterattack Bagration was mortally wounded and permanently incapacitated. Russian troops withdrew for Semyonov ravine, continuing to beat the fierce attacks of the enemy. In Soviet historical literature prevailing view that the French took only 12 flushes per hour., At the same time he was wounded Bagration. This version belongs KF Toll, who after the battle of hindsight turned the clock and thus removed some of the blame for the failure of the original location of the troops and the constant delay entering into battle with reinforcements. That dominate in science for a long time version refute recent issledovaniya.Borba for the center position After Capture flash the main battle was for the center of the Russian position - the battery Rajewski, which at 9 and 11:00. morning undergone two strong attacks. During the second attack troops E. Beauharnais managed to capture tall, but soon the French were driven out as a result of a successful counter-attack several Russian battalions, headed by Major-General AP Ermolov. In the prisoner was captured wounded Brigadier General S. O. Bonami. At noon, Kutuzov sent Cossacks General of Cavalry MI Platov and the 1st Cavalry Corps Adjutant General FP Uvarov (only 5 thousand. Sabers) to the rear of the left flank of Napoleon. Still among historians about the results of the raid under dispute - Dresses and Uvarov were one of the few generals who have not received awards for the battle of Borodino. Russian cavalry raid allowed to divert the attention of Napoleon and held for 2 hour. new assault on the French weakened Russian center. Taking advantage of the respite, Barclay de Tolly to regroup and put on the front line of fresh troops. Only 2 per hour. days of the Napoleonic took third attempt to take the battery Rajewski. At the height of the defenders fell deadly fire from 300 guns, and the assault were thrown three divisions, supported by a flank attack cuirassiers of General Caulaincourt O., who was killed during the attack. The combined action of the Napoleonic infantry and cavalry led to success, and 3:00. French finally seized the day and it is strengthening. In captivity they got led the defense wounded Major General PG Likhachev. Russian retreated to 800 m, but the new front break through their defenses the enemy could not, despite all the efforts of the two cavalry corps. At the extreme tip of the left wing at the village. Utitsa at 1 pm Polish Corps Yu Poniatowski after the third attempt pushed the Russian part of Utitskogo mound, forcing them to withdraw and stand on one line with the troops defending the previously Semenov fleshi.Na all major areas of the French were able to achieve some tactical successes - Russian left their original positions and retreated by about 1 km. But to break through their defenses and toured parts of Napoleon's flanks and failed. Thinning Russian troops stood ready to repel further attacks. Napoleon, despite the entreaties of his marshals, in this situation is not risked for the final blow his last reserve - twenty thousandth of the old guard. To 8 hours. evening conducted intensive artillery gunfire, and then the French side were assigned to the starting line. Russian defeat failed. Kutuzov late at night to learn about big losses (45 thousand. Pers. - Practically ceased to be combat-ready Army 2) refuse to accept them on the eve of the decision to renew the battle the next day, and about midnight ordered the retreat to Moscow. This battle is not for nothing that the results became known as "the Battle of the generals": in Russian were killed 6 and wounded 23 general, the French even more - 12 killed and 38 wounded. Napoleon's army lost about 35 thousand. Man personnel. The number of prisoners on both sides appeared about the same - 1 thousand. Man. In the literature there are very contradictory facts about the losses of the parties, is controversial and is still a question about the winner. Foreign authors usually prefer to Napoleon, but the majority of Russian historians - Kutuzov, few believe the result of a draw. We must recognize that none of the opponents did not solve set goals and achieved significant benefits. Napoleon failed to defeat the Russian army Kutuzov - to protect Moscow. Completely unproven is the existed in the literature of the Soviet period, the claim that Napoleon was defeated at Borodino. The initiative of the whole day was in his hands, the French are constantly attacked by the end of the day have kept fighting capacity. At the direction of the main attack Napoleon was able to create excellence in all kinds of weapons, especially in the power of concentration of artillery fire, which was one of the causes of large losses among the Russian troops. But the huge efforts made by the army of the great commander, were ultimately fruitless. Despite initial failures, Kutuzov succeeded, though at great cost, patching holes in the defense, to rebuild the military orders, to keep the building in a single line. As a result, the enemy was forced to constantly keep frontal attacks. The battle turned into a frontal collision in which the chances of Napoleon for a decisive victory over the army fighting qualities such as Russian, were minimal and were eventually reduced to zero. You can talk about the battle of Borodino intermediate value for the entire campaign as a whole and consider its implications for the fate of each of the armies. Russian troops fighting on its territory, in a short time were able to restore the number of its series. Of all the armed forces of Napoleon's army the most tangible and irreplaceable losses suffered cavalry, for which the field of Borodino was a truly huge cemetery that in the final period of the war largely determined the catastrophic defeat of Napoleon in the war against Rossiey.Literatura: Toll K. Description of the Battle of Borodino village / / notes of the Fatherland. 1822. № 28-29.Gerua Borodin. SPb., 1912.Skugarevsky Alexander Borodin. SPb., 1912.Vitmer A. // Battle of Borodino Military History collection. 1912. № 3.Vasilev Ivchenko LA 9 to 12, or a story about how someone has translated the hour hand // Homeland. 1992. № 6-7.Popov AI Battle of Borodino. The fighting on the northern flank. Samara, 1995.V. M. Bezotosniy Borodovsky Vasily Andreyevich (1874-1914), the Russian radiochemist. First showed (1910) that the absorption of beta-rays by a unit mass of a chemical element is directly proportional to the cube root of the atomic mass of the element (ie. N. Borodovskii law). This discovery allowed to determine the magnitude of the atomic weights of the elements. Researched radioactive residues after extraction of uranium ore from the Ferghana, discovered radium in them. From 1912 he headed the chemical laboratory of the Chamber of Weights and Measures. Borodulin Ryhor (Gregory) I. (b. 1935), Belarusian poet. Collection of lyrical poems and poems "A Month in the steppe" (1959), "Greening, blossom, poured" (1961), "The sky is your eyes" (1976), "A Celebration of bees" (1980). Furrow, groove formed tillage or other instrument, to divert water from the fields with excessive moisture, irrigation in irrigated agriculture and for planting crops. BOROMSKY RESERVE, in Georgia, in the spur of Adjara-Imereti ridge. Founded in 1935. The area of 18,048 hectares. Forests of oak, spruce, eastern, Caucasian fir, beech east. Caucasian deer, bear, pine and stone marten, Caucasian squirrel. HARROW, agricultural tools for harrowing the soil. Distinguish harrow teeth (web-footed, knife-like, rotating, etc..) And disk. Harrowing, loosening the soil surface harrows and rotary hoes. Protects the soil from drying out, aligns its surface, destroys soil crust, destroy weeds. BOROPLASTIKI plastics containing boron fibers as the reinforcing filler. Have a very high mechanical strength. They are used in aviation and rocketry. Organoborons contain boron atom in the molecule directly linked to a carbon atom. Most compounds known type RnBX3-n (organoboranes) where R - an organic radical, X - halogen, hydrogen, OH, OR, etc., N = 1-3. Used as reagents in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry for the synthesis of polymers (see. Also Carboranes). Bororo (self - orarimugudoge), Indian people as a group in Bolivia (2 thousand. People) and Brazil (1 thousand. Man, 1992). Retain traditional beliefs, some - Catholics.
Никто не решился оставить свой комментарий.
Будь-те первым, поделитесь мнением с остальными.
avatar