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Borras (Borras) Enrique (1862-1957), Spanish actor. Worked in theaters in Barcelona, Madrid, South. America. He became famous in the roles that require a lot of temperament (Othello - "Othello" by William Shakespeare). Borreliosis, is the same as spirochetosis birds. Borrell (Borrel) Amadeus (1867-1936), a French microbiologist and virologist. Works are devoted to phagocytosis, bacteriophages, study of viruses, pathogenesis of plague. Together with E. Roux and A. Calmette prepared (1894) the first anti-plague vaccine from microbes, heat-killed. Initiated the study of the morphology of viruses, in particular smallpox (this group of viruses named after him). Put forward (1903) hypothesis of viral origin of cancer. Borromeo (Borromeo) Carlo (1538-84), a prominent figure in the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Cardinal Archbishop of Milan. Member of the Council of Trent, one of the drafters of the Council of Trent Catechism. Borromini (Borromini), Francesco (1599-1667), an Italian architect. Virtuoso representative bizarre pictorial art mature Baroque (Church San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 1634-67, St. Ivo, 1642-60, in Rome). BOARD (niderl. Boort), diamond crystals and aggregates of poor quality, unsuitable for cutting. Are used as abrasives. BOARD (from it. Bord) vessel, a set of elements and a set of plating forming the side wall of the housing. Left (from the stern to the bow of the vessel) board - backboard, starboard - starboard. Bortko Vladimir Vladimirovich (b. 1946), the Russian film director. Work Bortko marked ostrosotsialnoy orientation. Directed the film "Blonde Around the Corner" (1983), "Once lied" (1987), "Afghan Breakdown" (1991), "Good luck, gentlemen!" (1992), a TV movie; "Heart of a Dog" (1988, by Mikhail Bulgakov). Apiculture (on board - the hollow of a tree), tree hollow apiculture. Originally extraction of honey from wild bees natural hollows, then breeding bees in hollowed hollows. Bortnyansky Dmitry Stepanovich (1751-1825), Russian composer. Ukrainian by birth. Master choral writing a cappella, created a new type of Russian choral concert. Instrumental chamber works - the first samples of a large circular forms in Russian music. Opera "Son-rival ..." (1787) and others. BOARD MATERIAL (crinoline), dense (mainly flax) Dressed plain weave fabric. Used as an internal lining conferring resistance form of clothing (eg., The collar). For this purpose, as the nonwoven material. Borukaev Chermen Beybulatovich (b. 1936), scholar, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Works on the tectonics of Precambrian rocks, tectonic zoning. BORUTA (Boruta) Kazys (1905-65), a Lithuanian writer. Collections of lyric poetry, the novel "Wooden miracles" (1938), the novel "Heavy monuments" (1960) in the life of artists, comic novel "The Adventures of Jurgis Pakyaturisa" (1963). BORHART (Borchardt) Rudolph (1877-1945), German poet Catholic areas, the translator of ancient writers. Book of poems "Poluspasennaya Soul" (1920), "Yamba" (published in 1966). Autobiographical book "Childhood and adolescence" (published in 1966). Borchgrevink (Borchgrevink) Karsten (1864-1934), Norwegian explorer. In 1898-99 he organized the first winter in Antarctica (at Cape Adare). Reached 78 ° 50'S. w., described the Ross Ice Barrier. Borchert (Borchert) Wolfgang (1921-47), German writer. Anti-war and humanistic orientation distinguishes a collection of lyrical stories "Dandelion" (1947), drama ("Behind the door," 1947), laid the foundation for the West German anti-fascist literature. Borges (Borges) Jorge Luis (1899-1986), Argentine writer. In the 1920s. one of the founders of the avant-garde in the Spanish-American poetry. Collection of poems "The Creator" (1960), "The other, all the same" (1969), "Cryptography" (1981). Fantastic psychological, adventure, detective and satirical novels, prose miniatures, saturated (as verses 60-70-ies.) Intellectual metaphors: the collection "Fiction" (1944), "The Aleph" (1949). The effect of the authenticity of fictional events is achieved by introducing into the narrative episodes of Argentine history and contemporary writers names, facts of his biography. Literary criticism. Boring bar (it. Bohrstange), mandrel for fastening replaceable cutters in processing (bore) holes on lathes, drilling, boring and other machine tools. Borshchahivskiy Alexander (b. 1913), the Russian writer and critic. Historical novels "Russian flag" (1953), "Milky Way" (1968), "where he settled smith" (1974-75), "Rise of Darkness" (1987). The play "Ladies Tailor" (1980) about the tragedy of Babi Yar. Book of Memories "minion of fortune" (1988-89). Borsch, a city in Ukraine, Ternopil region. Railway station. 11.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Sugar, syrodelatelnye, tobacco and other enterprises. Known since the 15th century. Hogweed, large genus of herbs Umbelliferae. St. 70 species, mainly in the temperate zone of the Eastern Hemisphere. Honey plants. Young stems and leaves of many species are edible, some are used as fodder and medicines (gastric, skin diseases, etc..). Juice causes an inflammatory reaction in the skin. BORSCHOVOCHNY RIDGE, Transbaikalia. Length approx. 450 km, height up to 1498 m. Gold mining. FIGHT, in sport - two combat athletes according to certain rules (different for individual species), which rivals seek to put each other on the shoulder. Modern types of Wrestling - Greco-Roman (classical), freestyle, judo, sambo. The struggle for existence, in biology - one of the basic concepts of the theory of evolution Charles Darwin, which he used to describe the relationship between organisms and between organisms and abiotic conditions that lead to the death of the less fit and survival of the fittest, t. E. to natural selection. The complexity of the problem and metaphorical term spawned its various interpretations, and even the exclusion of the concept of evolutionary biology by some modern Darwinists. Attempts were made to the doctrine of the struggle for existence transferred to human society (social Darwinism). BOS Jagdish Chandra (1858-1937), an Indian physicist, biophysicist and plant physiologist, one of the first Indian natural scientists contributed to the development of Indian science, founder and first director (1917) Research Institute in Calcutta (now Institute Beauce). Subhas Chandra BOS (1897-1945), in 1928-39 one of the leaders of the left in the Indian National Congress. During the 2nd World War, created in the Japanese-occupied Burma "Indian National Army" to fight against the United Kingdom (as the colonial oppressor India) on the side of Japan. Boswell, a genus of small trees of the family Burseraceae. Several species in East. Africa. Cuts the root of the sacred boswelia (incense tree) and other prepared incense. Bosworth (Bosworth), a place in the English county of Leicestershire, where 22.8.1485 was the last battle of the Wars of the Roses War. Count Heinrich Richmond defeated King Richard III and became King of England (Henry VII). BOSKAN-And-ALMOGAVER (Boscan y Almogaver) Juan (1490-1542), Spanish poet. Creativity F. The influence of Petrarch. Author sonnets and epistles, a friend and literary companion of Mr. de la Vega. Bosquet (fr. Bosquet), planted for ornamental purposes thick group of trees or shrubs, often shaved as smooth walls (tapestries). Boscoreale (Boscoreale), a city in Italy, near Naples. Remains of a Roman villa in 1. - Residential and business premises, paintings. Bosnia (Bosna), a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a right tributary of the Sava. 308 km, the basin area of 10.5 thousand. Km2. Average water consumption 142 m3 / s. Flows through the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Lowland. Bosnian crisis of 1908-09, international conflict caused by annexation in October 1908 in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. One of the stages on the way of unleashing the 1st World War. Bosniaks (self - "Muslims", muslimane, Bosniacs), the people, the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The number 1,800. People (1992). They also live in Yugoslavia (220 thousand. People), Croatia (14 thousand. People), Turkey (30 thousand. People), USA (30 thousand. People). The total number of 2100 thousand. People. Bosnians - last population (mostly Serbs and Croats) historical regions Bosnia and Herzegovina, had converted to Islam during the Ottoman rule. Serbo-Croatian language. Believers are Sunni Muslims. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (Bosna Hercegovina), the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the majority on the Dinaric Alps and bass. p. Sava. 51.1 thousand. Km2. The population of 4.4 million. People (1993), "Muslims" (49%), Serbs (31%), Croatia (17%), and others. The urban population is 36% (1981). Official language - Serbo-Croatian. Believers - Sunni Muslims (40%), Orthodox Christians (31%), Catholics (15%), and others. Capital - Sarajevo. The head of state - the president. Legislative - bicameral parliament. In the 6-7 centuries. Bosnia and Herzegovina inhabited by Slavs. In the 12th century. formed Bosnian principality (14 in. the kingdom, including Herzegovina). Since 1463 most of the territory of Bosnia and 1482 Herzegovina and the territory was under the Ottoman yoke. After the Herzegovina-Bosnian uprising 1875-78 occupied by Austria-Hungary (in 1908 it annexed). In 1918, Bosnia and Herzegovina - in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia from 1929). In 1941, the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina seized by Nazi troops and included in the "Independent State of Croatia." During the National Liberation War in Yugoslavia 1941-45 was released. In 1945-92 in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In April 1992, the Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina, based on the results of the referendum, declared the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbs boycotted the referendum in April 1992 in the northern part of the territory of the republic proclaimed an independent "Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina" as a part of Yugoslavia; in July in the west of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established Autonomous Region "Croatian community of Herceg-Bosna." Confrontation Bosnian communities resulted in a military confrontation. In the structure of the national income (1989,%) share of agriculture 10.9, industry 57.6. Brown coal mining, iron and manganese ores, bauxite, etc .; woodworking, metallurgy, chemical, food, textile, etc.. Industry. Electricity production 14.6 billion. KWh (1990). Grain, horticulture, meat and wool farming. Length of railways 1 thousand. Km of highways 21.2 thousand. Km (1991) "barefoot", the uprising in 1639 in Normandy (France) against the imposition of burdensome salt tax (Gabeli). The leader of the rebels (urban poor, peasants) - Jean Barefoot (hence the name). The uprising crushed by government troops. Cimmerian Bosporus, the ancient Greek name of the Kerch Strait. Thracian Bosporus (Bosphorus), the ancient Greek name of the strait connecting the Black m. (Euxine Pontus) Marmara m. (Propontis). Bosporus state in the North. Black Sea region in the 5th century. BC. e. - 4. n. e. Capital - Pantikapaion. United the Greek city-colonies (Feodosia, Phanagoria Gorgippia et al.). Rulers: Archaeanactids (480-438 BC. E.) Spartocids (to 107 BC. E.). From the end. 2. BC. e. part of the kingdom of Pontus, then a vassal of Rome. Destroyed by the Huns. BOSS (Eng. Boss), 1) the owner, entrepreneur ... 2) In the United States the name of the persons chairing the apparatus of the Republican and Democratic parties in the states and cities, as well as heads of trade union apparatus. BOSS (Boss) Lewis (1846-1912), American astronomer, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1910). Created a fundamental system of regulations and proper motions of stars and based on her catalog of 6188 stars (1910). Bossart (Bossart) Carol (1904-75), American scientist in the field of rocketry. Under his leadership, established the first American intercontinental ballistic missile "Atlas". Bosses (Bossut) Charles (1730-1814), French mathematician. Foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1778). Works in the field of geometry and hydrodynamics. Bossuet (Bossuet) Jacques Benin (1627-1704), French writer. Bishop. Viewed history as the implementation of the will of Providence, defended the idea of the divine origin of the absolute power of the monarch. Ideologist Gallicanism. BOSTON (Boston), a city in the northeastern United States, the administrative center piece. Massachusetts. Close trade and financial, industrial and cultural center of the country. 574 thousand. Residents (1990, with suburbs 4 million. Inhabitants). Port on the Atlantic approx. (turnover St. 20 million. tons per year). International Airport. Engineering, chemical, rubber, printing and others. Industry. Metropolitan. Universities, in Vol. H. Harvard (in the suburbs). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Museum of Fine Arts. Boston was founded in 1630. In the 18th century. one of the centers of the struggle of the British colonies in North. America for independence (see. Eg., "Boston Tea Party" 1773). 18th c., Relating to the events of the American Revolution (House staff, 1795-98, architect Charles Bulfinch). New administrative center (architect Rudolf P. et al.). BOSTON, thick woolen cloth with small sloping ridges. Produced mainly painted in dark colors. Boston sew suits, coats. The name of the city of Boston. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, one of the largest art museums in the United States. Founded in 1870. The monuments of ancient Egyptian, Ancient, Oriental, Western European, American art. "Boston Tea Party" in 1773, an episode of the struggle of the British colonies in North. America for independence. In protest against the duty-free import of tea in the British North. America, which undermined the economy of the colonies, the members of the organization "Sons of Liberty" in December 1773 entered the British ships in Boston harbor and dumped into the sea tea party. Bostrom (Bustrem) (Bostrom) Christopher Jacob (1797-1866), a Swedish philosopher. Creator t. N. personal (rational) idealism, combining the features of a philosophical system of Plato and Hegel. Boswell (Boswell) (Boswell) James (1740-95), English writer. The book "The Life of Samuel Johnson" (1791) - a sample of memoirs. BOSFOR (Gr. Bosporos, tour. Karadeniz Bogazi), the strait between Europe and Asia, connects the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea. Length of 30 km, the average width of 2 km; least depth in the fairway 20 yards. In the Bosphorus - Golden Horn Bay. Port of Istanbul (Turkey), where the Bosphorus bridge is crossed by road (approx. 2.8 miles). Bosphorus EXPEDITION 1833 campaign of the Russian Navy ships in the Bosphorus, carried out at the request of the Turkish sultan to assist Turkey during the Egyptian crisis, 1831-33, after the settlement is entered into profitable for Russia Unkiar Skelessi 1833. BOTANY (from the Greek. Botane - grass, plant ), the science of plants, one of the main sections of biology. Studying species diversity of plants (taxonomy), their structure (morphology and anatomy), features of life (physiology, biochemistry), patterns of individual and historical development (embryology, evolution), kinship (phylogeny), distribution (plant geography), relationship with the environment habitat (ecology), the structure of the vegetation cover (geobotany). According to the studied objects emit Forums: algology - about algae lichenology - about lichens, bryologists - mosses and others. Fossil plants - the subject of paleobotany. Many details about the plants have been known to people since ancient times. "Father" botanists believe Theophrastus. As a coherent system of knowledge about plants botany took shape in the 18th century. (mainly in the works of Linnaeus). Botanical geography, studying the patterns of distribution of vegetation on the Earth's surface. BOTANICAL GARDEN Moscow State University, founded in Moscow by order of Peter I in 1706 as the Pharmaceutical Garden Medico-Surgical Academy, from 1805 to the Moscow University, from 1950 - a branch of the main garden, pledged on Lenin Hills. Area of the main garden of 33 hectares. Main work - evolutionary morphology, taxonomy of plants, floral and botanical geography; introduction of plants; breeding and genetics. Ok. 2.5 thousand. Species. The area of 6.5 hectares of the branch; ok. 1900 species. BOTANICAL GARDEN Botanical Institute. Komarov Academy of Sciences, founded in St. Petersburg in 1714 by decree of Peter I as the Apothecary Garden with scientific, educational and practical purposes. In 1823 reorganized into a botanical garden; Since 1934 the scientific department of the Botanical Institute. Komarov. The area of 22.6 hectares, in Vol. H. Park-arboretum of 16 hectares. St. 8 thousand. Kinds and forms. Botanical garden, research, educational support and cultural and educational institution. At the heart of the Botanical Garden - a collection of living plants grown in the open field and greenhouses. In the largest botanical gardens to 20-30 thousand. Plant species. Widely known Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences and the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University (Moscow), Nikita (Crimea), Sukhumi and Batumi (Georgia), Botanical Garden Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg), Botanic Gardens, Kew (UK), in Uppsala (Sweden), the Botanical Gardens in Calcutta, Beytenzorgsky botanical garden on the island. Java and others. Tops, above-ground plant mass of vegetables, fodder and technical root crops. Fresh, dried and fed silage tops cattle, pigs in small quantities and sheep. Mikhail Botvinnik Moiseich (1911-95), a Russian chess grandmaster of the USSR (1935) and International Grandmaster (1950), Honored Master of Sports (1945), Doctor of Technical Sciences (1951), Honored Scientist of Russia (1991). 6th world champion (1948-57, 1958-60, 1961-63), USSR (7 times in 1931-52). Books: "Half a century in chess" (1978), "From chess - the car" (1979) and Michael dr.BOTVINNIK Moiseich [17 (30) in August 1911, Kuokkala now Repino, Leningrad region. - May 5, 1995, Moscow], Russian chess player. 6th in the history of chess world champion (1948-57, 1958-60, 1961-63). International Grandmaster (1950), Honored Master of Sports (1945). 7-time champion of the USSR (1931-1952). Honored Worker of Culture of the RSFSR (1971). Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor. Early successes learned to play chess at age 12 and two years later had the first rank. The victory over world champion JR Capablanca in simultaneous games (1925, Leningrad) brought him his first fame and gave confidence. In 16 years, the youngest master of sports in the country made a successful debut in the national championship, sharing 5-6th places among 21 participants. In 1928-1932 he studied at the Polytechnic Institute. In the beginning. 1930 was one of the strongest chess players of the country after winning the championships of the USSR (1931.1933) and Leningrad (1931-1932). In 1933, a draw (3: 3) match with S. Flora, grandmaster from Czechoslovakia, later lived in the Soviet Union. In 1935 he married Gayane Ananevoy - ballerina of the Mariinsky Theatre, which became the faithful companion of life. Practitioners and analysts in 1935-36, after a successful performance in the three major international tournaments, won 1st and 2nd place in Moscow (1935) and Nottingham (1936) and 2nd place in Moscow (1936), became one of the contenders for the world championship and reached an agreement to play a match with Alekhine Alexander, who noted the young rival, in addition to great talent needed to succeed "courage, endurance, precision flair." Due to the outbreak of war match never took place. Devoted much time to the analytical work on chess, developed and published (1939) a special method of preparation of the event, which has become a guide for several generations of domestic players. His style of play has evolved from the combination to the universal. Has made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory, put into practice the new extension to the English Opening, Slavic and Dutch defense and several other openings. The future world chess champion during the war he worked as an engineer in Perm specialist in high-voltage insulation. In 1945, led the team in the USSR in the historic radiomatche with the US team, which defeated the Soviet chess 15.5: 4.5 (Botvinnik won at the first board in the US of A. Denker champion with a score of 2: 0). After the sudden death of Alekhine (1946) has become a major contender for the title of world champion. Won major tournaments in Groningen (1946) and Moscow (1947). Winning the match-tournament for the World Championship (1948), was the sixth in the history of chess world champion, beating runner on three points. In 1951-63 played 7 matches of the World Championship - the two tie 12:12 (with D. Bronstein, 1951 and V. Smyslov, 1954), three lost (V. Smyslov, 1957 - 9,5: 12.5; M. Tal, 1960 - 8.5: 12.5 and T. Petrosian, 1963 - 9.5: 12.5) and won two rematch (Smyslov, 1958 - 12.5: 10.5 and Tal, 1961 - 13: 8), was the only chess player, twice returned the title. His words "one world championship match takes two years of life" is often repeated next champions. Scientific and pedagogical activity successfully combines chess activities with the scientific work in the field of electronics, becoming the author of a number of inventions patented in various countries around the world. In 1951 he defended his doctoral thesis on the topic: "Regulation of excitation and static stability of synchronous machine." From the beginning. 1970s. worked on the creation of artificial chess master - the computer program "Pioneer". For many years, led the youth chess school in which engaged future world champions Karpov and Kasparov, the famous international grandmasters Sokolov, A. Yusupov, E. Ahmylovskaya-Donaldson, N. Ioseliani and others. Grandmasters and masters. About 30 years as head of the friendship society "CCCR - Netherlands". All played in tournaments and matches in 1202 the party, which won 610 victories and made 453 draws (scored 70% points). Compositions: The Soviet chess school. M., 1951.Tri match Karpov. M., 1975.Polveka in chess. M., 1979.Analiticheskie and critical work. M., 1984-87. T. 1-4.Literatura: K. Levin Botvinnik. M. Botvinnik 1951.Shahmatnoe creativity / Comp. VD Baturinskii. M., 1965-68. T. 1-3.V. I. Linder Bothe (Bothe), Walter (1891-1957), German physicist. Developed (1924) method of coincidences and applied it to the study of cosmic rays. Proceedings on nuclear physics. Nobel Prize (1954). Botev is the highest peak of Stara Planina in Bulgaria (2376 m). BOTEV Christ (1848-76), a Bulgarian poet, essayist. Since 1874 member of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee. Botev - one of the founders of the Bulgarian literary criticism. Botev's poetry is imbued with lyricism, civil pathos. Was killed in a battle with Turkish troops. Vasily Petrovich Botkin (1811 / 12-69), Russian writer and critic. Brother MP and SP Botkin. As a young member of the circle NV Stankevich, one VG Belinsky, Herzen. After 1855 - the positions of the "aesthetic criticism." Literary criticism, art article, "Letters of Spain" (1847-49). Mikhail Petrovich Botkin (1839-1914), Russian painter and printmaker, art collector. Brother and VP Botkin. Historical and genre painting. Author of the book about the artist AA Ivanov (1880). Sergei Petrovich Botkin (1832-89), a Russian physician, one of the founders of the Department of Internal Medicine as a scientific discipline in Russia, the founder of the largest Russian school clinicians. Brother VP and MP Botkins. In 1860-61, organized clinical and experimental laboratory where did the first Russian research on Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Suggested an infectious nature of bluetongue jaundice (hepatitis). Botkin DISEASE. See Art. Viral hepatitis. Botlikh Language, see. Art. Dagestan languages. Gulf of Bothnia (Swede. Bottniska viken, Fin. Pohjanlahti), the northern part of the Baltic Sea., Between Sweden and Finland. The length of 668 km, the width of up to 240 km, the depth to 290 m. In winter freezes. The main ports: Vaasa, Oulu, Pori, Luleå, Sundsvall. BOTOGOLSKY char, a mountain range in the eastern. Sayan. Height up to 2509 m. The deposits of graphite and nepheline syenite. Botosani (Botosani), a city in north-eastern Romania, the administrative center of the county of Botosani. 126 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Engineering, chemical, glass, textiles, clothing, furniture, food industry. Bottrop (Bottrop), a city in Germany, the land of North. Rhine-Westphalia. Port on the Rhine-Herne Canal. 119 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Coal mining. Chemical industry, mechanical engineering. Botswana The Republic of Botswana (Republic of Botswana), a state in southern Africa. 581.7 thousand. Km2. The population of 1.4 million. People (1993), mainly Tswana. Urban population - 24.1% (1991). The official language - English and Tswana. St. 1/2 believers adhere to traditional beliefs, the rest - Christians. Administrative divisions: 13 districts, in Vol. H. 4 city. Capital - Gaborone. Part of the Commonwealth. Head of state and government - the president. Legislature - unicameral National Assembly. Botswana Kalahari basin occupies. The climate is subtropical in the north - tropical, average January temperature of 21 to 27 ° C, July approx. 16 ° C. Rainfall of 250 to 600 mm per year. Savannah and desert savannas. National Parks - Imebok, Chobe, Ntskay Pan. In 1885-1966 the territory of modern Botswana was a British protectorate Bechuanaland, which in September 1966 declared independent Republic of Botswana. The ruling party - the Democratic Party of Botswana (founded in 1962). Botswana - agrarian country with a growing mining industry. The share of gross domestic product (1990-91%): Agriculture 5.2 Industry 45.6, in Vol. H. 41.6 mining. The main branch of agriculture - transhumant pastoralism. Main crops: sorghum and maize. Diamond mining, copper, nickel, manganese ore. Production of electricity 929 million. KWh (1991). Export: diamonds, copper and nickel concentrate, meat, hides, leather. The length of 887 km of railways, highways 19.2 thousand. Km (1992). The main foreign trade partners: South Africa, EEC countries, USA. Currency - pool. Bottom (Botta) Mario (p .1943), a Swiss architect. Was influenced by L. Kahn and Le Corbusier. Projects Botta modern methods of construction (concrete structure) are connected to the local traditional typology (the house in Riva San Vitale, 1972-73). Botticelli (Botticelli) Sandro (pres. Name and fam. Alessandro Filipepi, Filipepi) (1445-1510), Italian painter. The representative of the Early Renaissance. Was close to the court of the Medici and humanistic circles Florence. Works on religious and mythological themes ("Spring", c. 1477-78; "Birth of Venus", c. 1483-84) marked inspired poetry, playing linear rhythms, delicate flavor. Under the influence of social upheaval 90s. Botticelli's art becomes a stress-dramatic ("Slander", after 1495). Drawings to the "Divine Comedy" by Dante, Distinguishing graceful portraits ("Giuliano de 'Medici"). BOTULISM (from Lat. Botulus - sausage), food poisoning from contaminated food contaminated with botulism sticks and their toxins. Pathogen - a strict anaerobe; usually grows and produces toxin in foods such as canned food, salted fish, sausage, ham, mushrooms, cooked in violation of technology (especially at home). When botulism affects the nervous system (blurred vision, voice, swallowing). Treatment Rights: urgent introduction protivobotulinicheskih sera. Botulism sick pets. Treads (fr. Bottes fortes), high boots with a wide flare. Bowie (Bowie) David (pres. David Robert Jones name, Johnes David Robert) (p. 1947), English singer, musician and actor. On the scene since the late 1960s. Organized rhythm-and-blues group "The King Bees" (1964). Albums "Alladin Sane", "Pin-Ups", "Diamond Dogs" and "David Live" took the top places in the charts. Acted in films ("The Man Who Fell to Earth", 1975, etc.). He worked in the style of soul, then turned to the European music. Had a significant influence on the development of rock music. BOWLING (Eng. Bowling), in the US, UK and several other countries in the name of sports pins. Bowman's capsule (after the English physician of the 19th century. W. Bowman, W. Bowman), cupped the blind end of the urinary tubules of the kidneys. In the cavity of Bowman's capsule is formed primary urine. BOUSONO (Bousono) Carlos (b. 1923), Spanish poet. Collection of religious poetry "Spring of Death" (1946), "On the other world" (1951), "Ode to ashes" (1967). Essays on Poetry B. Aleyksandre book "Theory of poetic expression" (1952). Bouts (Bouts) D., See. Bouts D. Bowen (Bowen) Norman Levy (1887-1956), American petrography. Experimentally investigated silicate physicochemical system. Established the sequence of mineral crystallization of magma in the form of two t. N. reaction series. Bofill (Bofill) Ricardo (p .1939), Spanish architect. In the 1960s. develops t. n. style of Barcelona School - a synthesis of neo-realism and brutalism. In the context. 1970 - early. 1980s. - Design of the complex large-block residential buildings such as the viaduct (Les Arcades de Luc in the suburbs of Paris, 1974-81). Beaufort (Beaufort), Francis (1774-1857), British military hydrographer and cartographer, Rear Admiral. In 1829-55 led the UK Hydrographic Service. BEAUFORT Basin, see. Canadian Basin. BEAUFORT SEA (Beaufort Sea), a marginal sea of the Arctic approx., Off the coast of North. America. 481 thousand. Km2. Depth up to 3749 m. The whole year is covered with ice. River flows. Mackenzie. Named for F. Beaufort. BEAUFORT SCALE proposed by F. Beaufort in 1806 conditional 12-point scale to assess the strength of the wind on its effect on terrestrial objects and tide gauge: 0 - calm (no wind), 4 - moderate breeze, 6 - strong wind, 10 - Storm (storm), 12 points - a hurricane. Bohai state in the North-eastern. Asia. Arose in the beginning. 8. The main population - Tungus tribes Mohe and kogurestsy (see. Kogure), and others. In 926 conquered the Khitan. Bohai Bay in the northwest of the Yellow m., Off the coast of China. Length approx. 280 km, depth up to 40 m. Separated from the open sea n ew Shandong. Flow into rivers. Yellow River and Haihe. Tanggu Port - outport Tianjin. Fishing. Oil fields on the shelf. BOHAYHAYSYA shedding in the Yellow m., Between the p-ovami Liaodong and Shandong. Connects bays Liaodong and Bohai with the open sea. The minimum width of 105 km. Depth up to 36 m. Ports: Dalian (Far), Lushun (Port Arthur), Yan Tai. Bochum (Bochum), a city in Germany, the land of North. Rhine-Westphalia. 399 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). autostructure; chemical industry, iron and steel. University. BOHUSLENSKIE rock carvings (area Bohuslän, Bohuslan, south-western Sweden), Bronze and Iron Ages: boat with rowers, chariots, trees, animals, solar signs, funeral processions and battles. BOTSARIS Marcos (1790-1823), the hero of the Greek national liberation revolution 1821-29. Was killed in a battle with Turkish troops. Boatswain (niderl. Bootsman), junior commanders of the crew, immediate superior of the deck crew. In large warships could be several boatswains, one of them - the main. Boatswain's mate (from boatswain and niderl. Maat - Assistant) in the Russian navy with the context. 17 in. to 1917 title combatant non-commissioned officer of the 1st article. BOTSU (Botu) Pavel Petrovich (1933-87), the Moldovan writer. Collection of lyrical poems "Land of the Fathers" (1959), "House Budzhaka" (1973), "Crane Sky" (1978), "The Oath" (1981). Stories. Botschagow 1) a deep place in the river ... 2) A small lake, the balance shrinking river; usually located Botschagow chain. BOCHAROV Anatoly G. (b. 1922), the Russian literary critic. In articles and books about multicultural literature of the Soviet period ("Demanding Love", 1977, "What literature alive? ..", 1986, "Literature and time", 1988, and others.) Explores the patterns and trends of modern literary process. Some works are devoted to GM. Kazakevich (1965), VS Grossman (1970). . BOCHAROV Michael I. (1831-95), a Russian theater artist. The representative of the late romanticism (opera "Boris Godunov" Mussorgsky at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, 1874). BOCHAROV Sergei G. (b. 1929), the Russian literary critic. Major works on poetics and history of Russian literature (in Vol. H. Of Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leont'ev, A. Platonov).
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