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Buddhaghosa (5th c. BC. E.), A prominent Buddhist scholar, amounting explanations and additions to the Buddhist canon. Boudin (Boudin) Eugene (1824-98) was a French painter. Poetic, subtly conveys air environment landscapes anticipated Impressionism. Budennovsky (up to 1920 Holy Cross, in 1920-35 and 1957-73 Prikumskye), a city in the Russian Federation, Stavropol kr. Railway station. 58.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Chemical, food, textile industry. Founded in 1799. Renamed in honor Budionov. Budennovsky breeds of horses, horse, bred in 1921-48 at the studs of the Rostov region. Animals are large, powerfully built, sports, endurance. Used in the harness. Boudin Semyon Mikhailovich (1883-1973), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), three times Hero of the Soviet Union (1958, 1963, 1968). In the Civil War commander of the 1st Cavalry Army (1919-23). In 1939-41 Deputy Commissar of Defense of the USSR. During the Great Patriotic War (1941-42 in) in-Chief of the South-West and North-Caucasian areas, commander of the Reserve and the North Caucasus Front. One of the organizers of mass repressions in the military in 1930-40-ies. Memories: "Distance traveled" (Vol. 1-3, 1958-73). Budenovka, the popular name of the headdress, which existed in the Red Army in 1919-1941. Bucak, a historical region between the mouths of the rivers Danube and Dniester 16-19 cc., The southern part of Bessarabia (modern southern Odessa region.). In the 17-18 centuries. Belgorod nomadic horde. From 1812 in the Russian Empire. "Budi Utomo" ("high goal"), the first national Indonesian educational and anti-colonial organization (1908-35). United mainly intellectuals, students, officialdom. "ALARM", Russian satirical magazine published in 1865-71 in St. Petersburg in 1873-1917 in Moscow (2 times a month, on a weekly basis since 1866). In the 60-ies. published works democratic writers. In 1881-87 in the "Alarm Clock" collaborated Chekhov. Boudin, nomadic tribes in the area between the Dnieper and Volga (1 thousand. BC. E.). "Revivalist" figures (mainly scientists, writers) Czech National Movement ("Czech revival") con. 18 - 1st floor. 19th centuries. Program (1818; authors F. Palacky, P. Safarik) - the struggle for the revival of the Czech language, literature, science, and culture. Played a significant role in the formation of the Czech national identity. BUDISHIN, Sorbian name of Bautzen in Germany. Peace of Bautzen in 1018, concluded the German-Polish war of 1003-18 (with a break). Signed in Budishin. For Poland withdrew Lusatia, part Mishenskoe (Meissen) brand. Budyscha Aleksei Nikolaevich (1864-1916), Russian writer and poet. In the lyrics (the collection "Poems", 1901) - chamber intonation; poem "gate" ("only in the evening for the warm blue ..."), set to music, has become a popular romance. Stories (collection "Different concept", 1901), the novels. Gersh Budker Itskovich (1918-77), the Russian physicist, academician of the USSR (1964). Founder and Director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1957). Proceedings on nuclear reactors, accelerators, plasma physics, high-energy physics. Created collider. Lenin Prize (1967), the USSR State Prize (1949). Budnikov Peter (1885-1968), inorganic chemist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1939), Hero of Socialist Labor (1965). Works on chemistry and technology of silicates, the integrated study of minerals. State Prize of the USSR (1942, 1950, 1952). Simon weekdays (c. 1530-93), one of the leaders of the Reformation movement in Belarus and Lithuania. Organizer Printing Nyasvizh where published in the Belarusian language "Catechism" (1562) and other books. Policeman, a lower rank of city police in the Russian Empire. Had post (booth with black and white stripes) on the street corners. In the 2nd floor. 19 in. replaced by the policeman. Budrajtis (Budraitis) Juozas (b. 1940), Lithuanian actor, People's Artist of Lithuania (1982). Since 1979 in Kaunas Drama Theatre. Art Budraitis noted restraint, courage, psychological depth. Roles: Solness ("The Master Builder" Ibsen) dick ("Caligula" Camus), and others. Filmed in the movies "Nobody wanted to die", "This sweet word - freedom", the TV movie "Carousel" and others . BUDSKY (Budsky) Joseph (b. 1911), Slovak actor and director. In 1945-53 director of the National Theatre in Bratislava. Worked in other theaters. Among the productions: "Love Spring" Treneva (1950), "Antigone and other" Karvasha (1962). Budukh Language, see. Art. Dagestan languages. Budha, in Vedic and Hindu mythology, personification of the planet Mercury, the son of Soma and Tara. Budyka Mikhail (b. 1920), the Russian geophysicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992). Proceedings of Climatology, bioclimatology, ecology, the heat balance of the earth's surface. Lenin Prize (1958). Buer (niderl. Boeier), special lightweight design skating or RV (cabin, platform with a sail). Racing on iceboat on ice - sport, popular in the United States, Canada, several European countries. World and European championships on ice sailing since 1964. gullies (Turk.), The name of shallow incised gullies central part of the East European Plain. Bougie (from the French. Bougie - probe) (expander), a tool for research and expansion of tubular organs (urethra, esophagus, and others.). Buzhans, the name of the group of Eastern Slavs, who lived in the Upper West. Bug. In the context. 10. entered the Old Russian state. See. Duleby, Volhynians. Baked ham, fried or baked meat product made from grated salt and spices pork leg without bone. Bougie (Bougie), the former name of Bejaia in Algeria. Buzhinskaya Gabriel (? -1731), The Russian church leader (a member of the Synod, the protector of all schools and printers; Bishop), writer and translator. Bujumbura (Bujumbura), the capital of Burundi, a port on the lake. Tanganyika. 236 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). International Airport. Food, light industry. Fishing. University. Founded in 1897. Since 1922 the administrative center of the Mandate, in 1946-62 the Trust Belgian territory of Ruanda-Urundi. Since 1962, the capital of the independent state of Burundi. Buzanov Ivan Feoktistovich (1903-84), the breeder, academician of Agricultural Sciences (1956). Proceedings of breeding, physiology, biochemistry of sugar beet. Lenin Prize (1960). Buzachi, hilly peninsula in the north-eastern part of the Caspian Sea. (Kazakhstan). Height up to 61 m. Barchan and hilly sands and salt marshes. BUZDYHAN, the Turkish name of mace. Busemann (Busemann) Adolf (1902-86), a German scientist. After the 2nd World War, he worked in the United States. Works on the gas dynamics; calculation of pressure at a flow of bodies hypersonic flow (Newton-Busemann formula). Put forward the idea of a swept wing, Busemann biplane offered. Buzeskul Vladislav Petrovich (1858-1931), historian, academician of the USSR (1925; Academician from 1922), the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1925). Works on the history of Dr.. Greek historiography of antiquity. Elderberry shrubs genus, small trees, rarely perennial herbs honeysuckle family. Ok. 40 species in the temperate and subtropical zones. Some species are cultivated as medicinal and ornamental plants. BUZINZA, early-education in Tanzania, to the south-west of the lake. Victoria. Population - Zinza Language and others. Approx. 17 in. Kitara subdued state, collapsed in the late. 18 in. In the beginning. 19 in. based Buzinzy happened early-education Rusubi. Buznikov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (b. 1945), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994). Research in the field of inorganic building materials. Buzovny, urban village in Azerbaijan, 37 km from the railway Art. Baku. 22.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Oil. Seaside health resort. Busoni (Busoni) Ferruccio (1866-1924), Italian pianist, composer, conductor, music writer and educator. Repeatedly gave concerts in Russia. Opera "Turandot" (1917) et al., Piano works. Editor (with E. Pegram) clavier works of JS Bach. Professor of the Moscow Conservatory (1890-91), music school in Bologna, in 1920 the Academy of Arts in Berlin. From 1949 (yearly) Bolzano - International Piano Competition. Busoni. BUZULUK, city (with 1781) in the Russian Federation, Orenburg region., At the confluence of river. Busuluk at p. Samara. Railway station. 85.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plants: heavy machinery, mechanical. Oil. Founded in 1736. Buzau (Buzau), city in south-eastern Romania, the administrative center of the county of Buzau. 148 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Transport hub. Mechanical engineering, metal, chemical, furniture, glass industry. ABE (buey, Zhongjie, self - yoy), the people in the south of China. 2.7 million. People (1992). Language Thai family. Believers - Buddhists, Christians there. Bouida (Buveyhidy) dynasty rulers, who ruled in the West. Iran and Iraq at 935-1055. Capturing Baghdad in 945, put the actual end of the Abbasid caliphate. State Buyid conquered by the Seljuks. Buinsky city (since 1780) in the Russian Federation, Tatarstan, at p. Carla. Railway station (Bois). 17.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Electromechanical Plant; food industry, factory, etc. lentotkatskaya. BUOY, the city (from 1778) in the Russian Federation, Kostroma., at p. Kostroma. Railway junction. 32.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Chemical, sawmills, furniture, food enterprises. Founded in 1536. BUOY (niderl. Boei), floating point (float) for the protection of dangerous places for navigation, refer to the fairways or the location of any object. May have light, sound or radiosignalnye device. Buivid (Buyvidis), the leader of the peasant uprising in Lithuania in 1544-45. Buffalo race ruminant bovids family; close to the bulls. 3 types: Asian (Indian) buffalo, or Arnie; Anoa with about. Sulawesi; African, or kaffir, Buffalo (home to sub-Saharan Africa); the number is reduced. Asian water buffalo domesticated and used more often as a dairy animal in the South. Asia, Africa and South. Europe; in the Caucasus. 1 species and subspecies 1 in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Buiko Pyotr Mikhailovich (1895-1943), a physician, Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, posthumously). Member of the January Uprising in 1918 in Kiev against the Central Rada. In 1942-43 in the anti-Nazi underground, head of the Health Part of the partisan connections. Was captured, burned alive. Buynaksk (until 1922 Temir-Khan-Shura), city (1866) in the Russian Federation, Dagestan. Railway station. 58.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Canning, leather and shoe factories; Knitting Factory and others. Avar Drama Theatre. Historical and Revolutionary Museum. In Buynaksk - the largest in the North. Caucasus mosque and madrassa. Founded in 1834 as a fortress. Named for William D. Buynakskiy. Buynaksk Ulluby Daniyalovich (1890-1919), one of the organizers of the struggle for Soviet power in Dagestan. Shot counterrevolutionaries. Buinitskii Ignat Terent'evich (1861-1917), the Belarusian actor, director. Organizer "First Belarusian troupe" (1907-13), founder of the Belarusian professional theater. Buyoya (Bouillaud) Jean-Baptiste (1796-1881), a French physician. Set (1836) The relationship between rheumatism and heart damage. BEECH, genus of trees (height up to 50 m) beech family. 10 species in the extratropical region of the Northern Hemisphere, in Vol. H. 2-3 species in the Crimea, the Caucasus and West. Ukraine. Form mainly mountain forests. The wood is used for making musical instruments, flooring, furniture, and so bent. Etc .; extracted from the fruit of edible and industrial oils. BEECH, city (1980) in Uzbekistan, Tashkent region., 32 km from the railway Art. Toytepa. 17.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Cotton factory. Bukavu (Bukavu) (until 1966 Kostermanvil, Costermanville), a city in Zaire, the administrative center of the region Kivu, a port on the lake. Kivu. 187 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). International Airport. Food, wood, textile, chemical, shipyards. Institute of Research Center. Africa. Bukantau, mountain range in the Kyzyl Kum desert (Uzbekistan). Height up to 764 m. At the bottom of the slopes - outputs springs used for irrigation. Bucaramanga (Bucaramanga), a city in northeastern Colombia, the administrative center of the department of Santander. 349 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Tobacco, textiles, cement industry. University. Founded in 1623. Rhynchitidae beetle family weevils, pest of fruit crops in Europe and North. Iran. Green and blue with a metallic sheen, the length of 2-3 mm. It feeds on buds and flowers, the larvae - petioles and midrib of the leaves. Bukas Sergei Mikhailovich (1891-1983), a Russian breeder, Academician of Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1956), Hero of Socialist Labor (1971). Works on the selection and the taxonomy of potato, the author rakoustoychivyh and fitoftoroustoychivyh varieties. USSR State Prize (1949). LETTER graphic sign, which by itself or in combination with other characters used in writing to indicate sounds, phonemes, and their variants and their main common sequences. Eg., Russian letter "o" in the word "water" refers to the phoneme "o" in its basic form, the word "water" - a variant of this phoneme, sounding like "a"; English is 2 x Audio: k + s. Bukeeva Khadisha (b. 1917), the Kazakh actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1964). Since 1942 the Kazakh Theater. Auezova. USSR State Prize (1952). Bukeyev ORDA (Inner Horde), the Kazakh Khanate in 1801-76, a vassal of Russia, named after Sultan beech Nuralimova. Formed by people from the Little Horde (5 th. Families) between pp. Ural and Volga. Became part of the Astrakhan Province. BUKEFAL (Gr. Bychegolovy), the name of the favorite horse of Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander Bukefala series based in Asia cities was named Bukefaliya. Andrey Bukin (b. 1957), the Russian athlete (figure skating), Honored Master of Sports (1984). Olympic champion (1988), Peace (1985-88), Europe (1983, 1985-88), the Soviet Union (1982, 1983, 1987). Bukin Vasiliy (1899-1979), a Russian biochemist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Basic studies on the biosynthesis of vitamins and their role in metabolism. Based on work Bukin with employees in the USSR established the domestic production and use of some vitamins. USSR State Prize (1949). Of-print books (from the French. Bouquin - secondhand book), 1) in the Russian book trade books published from 1851 to 1960 (in contrast to the previously published, called antique) ... 2) The book, the former to use, sold in second-hand stores. Bukittinggi (Bukittinggi), niderl. Fort de Kock (Fort de Kosk), a city in Indonesia, on the island. Sumatra, at the foot of the volcano Marapi. 71 thousand. Inhabitants (1980). An agricultural center. One of the first Dutch settlements on the island (1825). Boucle (from the French. Boucle - curled) fabric with a wavy surface, similar to a small scrawl; produced from yarn or fancy crepe twist. Of boucle sew clothing. Booklet (Eng. Booklet, letters. - Book), the product of print on a single printed sheet folded in any way in the two fold or more (short guide, brochures and so on. N.). Bokn Fjord (Boknfjord), North Bay m., At the south-western coast of Norway. Length 52 km, width up to 25 km. The depth to 917 m. Many of the islands. The main port - Stavanger. Beech (Bukov) Emilian (1909-84), the Moldovan writer, People's Writer of Moldova (1982), Hero of Socialist Labor (1979). Collection of lyrical poems ("The Day of the real, day to come," 1965), poems, stories, a novel in verse "Reut City" (1956), the play "Bubble Danube" (1957), the novel "Highway" (1969). Bukovina, a historical name (from 15 in.) Of the territory of modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and in Romania Suceava region (South Bukovina). Bukovsky Vladimir K. (b. 1942), the Russian human rights activist. In 1965 in Moscow organized a demonstration in defense of AD Sinyavsky and Daniel M. Yu. In January 1971, presented to the World Congress of Psychiatrists (Mexico) material the use of psychiatry in the Soviet Union for political purposes. In the 1960-70s. subjected to repression (mental hospitals, forced labor camps). In 1976, Bukovsky exiled abroad (in exchange for the release Corvalan); lives in the UK. Memoirs "... and the wind returns ... Letters of a Russian Traveler" (1990). Bukovsky (Bukovskis) Levs (1910-84), Latvian sculptor, People's Artist of Latvia (1976), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1975). Performed heroics harsh monument to the fighters of the Revolution in 1905 at Mathis Cemetery in Riga (1956-59); Memorial Ensemble memory of the victims of fascist terror in Salaspils (1961-67, et al; Lenin Prize, 1970). Beech, a family of dicotyledonous, mostly monoecious, plants. Deciduous or evergreen trees, sometimes shrubs. Ok. 600 species (7.9 births) in temperate, subtropical and tropical zones of both hemispheres (except tropical South. America and Africa). Many beech - tree species: beech, oak and others. Bucolic (from the Greek. Bukolikos - shepherd), common name the two are often mixed genres of ancient "pastoral poetry" - Eclogues and idyll; in modern European poetry is the same as the pastoral. Name from the title of a cycle of poems of Virgil. Bucolome uprisings, anti-Roman rebellion in Egypt in 172 (according to other sources, 174 or 175). Name of bucolome - wetland in the Nile Delta, where the peasants fled from excessive taxes. The Bucs (it. Buchse), metal box, inside which are placed bearing (transferring the load from the body of the car or locomotive axle wheelset) and a device for supplying lubricant. Buchsbaum (Buxbaum) Johann Christian (1694-1730), the Russian naturalist, botanist and traveler, Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1725). German by birth. In 1721 Peter I was invited to Russia as a botanist in the apothecary garden at the Medical Board. Works on the flora of Russia. A number of new plant species. Gathered extensive botanical and ethnographic collections. Slipping, rotating the running wheels (or the movement of caterpillars) transport machinery is not accompanied by translations of the machines. Buxtehude (Buxtehude) Dietrich (1637-1707), a Danish-German composer and organist. Had an impact on the work of JS Bach. Cantatas (ST. 120), vocal spiritual, chamber music, organ prizvedeniya. Mace .. 1) antique weapons as heavy stone or metal head on the handle; length approx. 0.5-0.6 m. There was in the Neolithic, is widely used in countries Dr. East and in the Middle Ages, from the 13th century. in the West. Europe and Russia ... 2) In Turkey, Poland and Ukraine to 19 in. - A symbol of power ... 3) Subject to exercise in artistic and rhythmic gymnastics. Bulawayo (Bulawayo), a city in Zimbabwe, administrative center of the province. North. Matabeleland. 621 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). International Airport, railway junction. Easy, metallurgy, food industry; engineering, chemical factories. Center of the mining district (chromite, asbestos, coal, gold, tin, nickel, copper). National Museum of Zimbabwe. Bulavina Kondraty Afanasievich (c. 1660-1708), a Don Cossack, son of the Village chieftain. Member of campaigns against the Crimean Khanate, the chieftain to salt mines in Bahmut. In October 1707 led the revolt (see. Bulavin Rebellion) in May 1708 with the military chieftain. Killed in a traitor Cherkassk esaul S. Ananyin. Bulavin Rebellion, peasant and Cossack uprising in 1707 - early. 1709 on the Don, the Left Bank and Sloboda Ukraine and Wed. Volga region under the leadership of KA Bulavina. The rebels took Cherkasy, Tsaritsyn and other cities. After a series of defeats the rebels from a punitive army VV Dolgoruky Cossacks moved away from the tip of the uprising. At the middle and lower Volga revolt lasted until early. 1709. BULAVNITSY in botany - the same as rogatiki. Bulaeva, city (1969) in Kazakhstan, North Kazakhstan region. Railway station. 11.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Plant frame housing, clothing factory, food enterprises. BULAYICH (Bulajic) Veljko (b. 1928), a film director. Movies: "War" (1960), "Kozara" (1962), "Case White" (1969), "The assassination in Sarajevo" (1976), "High Voltage" (1981), filmed mainly at the studio in Sarajevo. Bulaq Balakhovich Stanislav Nikolaevich (1883-1940), Major-General (1919). In 1918 the regiment commander in the Red Army went over to the whites. In 1919-1920 in the North-Western Army General NN Yudenich in Estonia and Poland. In 1920, invaded with a detachment in Belarus, crushed by Soviet troops. Fled to Poland. Killed by an unknown person in Warsaw. Boulanger (Boulanger) George (1837-91), French general, in the 1886-87 war minister. In 1887-89 led the movement called by its name (see. Bulanzhizm). Boulanger Yuri D. (b. 1911), the Russian geophysicist, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1966). Major works on experimental gravity, crustal deformation studies. Boulanger, mineral sulphide class (a subclass of complex sulphide), Pb5Sb4S11. Impurities Cu, Fe, Zn. Needles, fibrous aggregates, dense mass. The hardness of 2.5-3; density approx. 6.0 g / cm3. Hydrothermal. Ore of lead. BULANZHIZM, chauvinist movement in France in the late. 80s. 19 in. under the slogans of revanchist war against Germany, the revision of the Republican Constitution (1875) and the dissolution of Parliament; headed by General Jean Boulanger. Bulat (Damascus steel) (from the Persians. Pulad - steel), cast carbon steel with a peculiar structure and patterned surface, which has high hardness and elasticity. Damascus steel produced from edged weapons exceptional durability and sharpness. Mentioned by Aristotle. The secret of making Damascus steel, lost in the Middle Ages, opened in the 19th century. PPAnosov. Bulatov Aleksandr Mikhailovich (1793-1826), Decembrist, Colonel. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. A member of the Northern Society. Member of the uprising 14/12/1825. Before the trial, committed suicide. BULATOV Mithat Sagatdinovich (b. 1907), the Uzbek architect, architectural historian. The author of the master plan of reconstruction of Tashkent (1952-54), administrative and public buildings in Tashkent and Samarkand. Eric V. Bulatov (b. 1933), the Russian painter, one of the leaders of the Moscow "non-art". Combining tradition VA Tabor and contemporary avant-garde, created his own style, which combines elements of Sots Art with fine spatial game. His paintings 1970-80s. (with large Soviet emblems and slogans against the background of landscape vistas) are similar posters that "samorazoblachayutsya" the eyes of the viewer. Since 1990 lives and works mainly in Paris.
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